Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning ( HVAC ) is an indoor environmental and vehicle comfort technology. The goal is to provide thermal comfort and acceptable indoor air quality. The design of the HVAC system is subdisciplinary of mechanical engineering, based on the principles of thermodynamics, fluid mechanics, and heat transfer. "Cooling" is sometimes added to field abbreviations, such as HVAC & amp; R or HVACR , or "vent" is dropped, as in HACR (as in the designated HACR-rated circuit breaker).
HVAC is an important part of residential structures such as single-family homes, apartment buildings, hotels and senior living facilities, medium and large industrial buildings and offices such as skyscrapers and hospitals, on ships and submarines, and in marine environments, where safe and healthy building conditions are set with respect to temperature and humidity, using fresh air from the outside.
Ventilation or ventilation ( V in HVAC) is the process of exchanging or replacing air in any space to provide a high indoor air quality that involves temperature control, oxygen filling, and moisture, odor, smoke, dust, bacteria in the air, carbon dioxide, and other gases. Ventilation removes unpleasant odors and excessive humidity, introduces the outside air, makes the interior air circulation of air, and prevents the stagnation of interior air.
Ventilation includes exterior air exchange as well as air circulation inside the building. This is one of the most important factors for maintaining acceptable indoor air quality within the building. Methods for building ventilation can be divided into types of mechanics/forced and natural .
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The three central functions of heating, ventilation and air conditioning are interconnected, particularly with the need to provide thermal comfort and acceptable indoor air quality in reasonable installation, operation, and maintenance costs. HVAC systems can be used in domestic and commercial environments. HVAC systems can provide ventilation, and maintain inter-space pressure relationships. The means of air delivery and removal of space is known as the space air distribution.
Individual system
In modern buildings, the design, installation, and control systems of these functions are integrated into one or more HVAC systems. For very small buildings, the contractor usually estimates the capacity and type of system needed and then designs the system, chooses the appropriate coolant and the various components required. For larger buildings, building service designers, mechanical engineers, or building service engineers analyze, design and define HVAC systems. Special mechanical contractors then fabricate and assign the system. Building permissions and code-compliance inspection are usually required for all building sizes.
District network
Although HVAC is run in individual buildings or other enclosed spaces (such as NORAD underground headquarters), the equipment involved in some cases is an extension of the district district heating (DH) or district cooling (DC) network, or combined DHC network. In such cases, the operation and maintenance aspects are simplified and measurements become necessary to collect the energy consumed, and in some cases the energy is returned to the larger system. For example, at any given time a building may use cold water for air conditioning and the warm water it produces can be used in another building for heating, or for the entire heating part of the DHC network (possibly with added energy to increase the temperature).
Basing HVAC on a larger network helps provide economies of scale that are often impossible for individual buildings, to utilize renewable energy sources such as solar thermal, cold winter, cooling potentials in some lakes or seawater for free cooling, and activate energy storage functions seasonal thermal.
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History
The HVAC is based on discoveries and discoveries made by Nikolay Lvov, Michael Faraday, Willis Carrier, Edwin Ruud, Reuben Trane, James Joule, William Rankine, Sadi Carnot, and many others.
These inventions within this time span preceded the beginning of the first convenience air conditioning system, designed in 1902 by Alfred Wolff (Cooper, 2003) for the New York Stock Exchange, while Willis Carrier equips the Sacketts-Wilhems Printing Company with an AC process. unit of the same year. Coyne College was the first school to offer HVAC training in 1899.
The invention of HVAC system components goes hand in hand with the industrial revolution, and new methods of modernization, higher efficiency, and constant system control are introduced by companies and inventors worldwide.
Heating
Heaters are equipment whose purpose is to generate heat (ie warmth) for buildings. This can be done through central heating. Such systems contain boilers, furnaces, or heat pumps to heat water, steam, or air at a central location such as a furnace room at home, or a mechanical room in a large building. Heat can be transferred by convection, conduction, or radiation.
Generation
Heaters are available for different types of fuel, including solid fuels, liquids, and gases. Another type of heat source is electricity, usually a heating tape composed of high-resistance wire (see Nichrome). This principle is also used for portable heating and portable heating. Electric heating is often used as a backup or additional heat for the heat pump system.
The heat pumps gained popularity in the 1950s in Japan and the United States. Heat pumps can extract heat from various sources, such as environmental air, exhaust air from buildings, or from the ground. Initially, HVAC heat pump systems are only used in moderate climates, but with improvements in low temperature operations and reduced loads because homes are more efficient, they are increasingly popular in colder climates.
Distribution
Water/steam
In the case of hot water or steam, pipes are used to transport heat to the room. Most modern hot water heating systems have a circulator, which is a pump, to move hot water through a distribution system (compared to older gravity-based systems). Heat can be transferred to the surrounding air using radiators, hot water coils (hydro-water), or other heat exchangers. Radiators can be mounted on the wall or mounted on the floor to generate floor heat.
The use of water as a heat transfer medium is known as hydronics. Hot water can also supply additional heat exchangers to supply hot water for bathing and washing.
Air
The warm air system distributes hot air through the supply chain work system and re-airs through metal or fiberglass channels. Many systems use the same channel to distribute air cooled by evaporator coils for air conditioning. Air supply is usually filtered through an air purifier to remove dust particles and pollen.
Dangers
The use of furnaces, space heaters and boilers as an indoor heating method can result in incomplete combustion and emissions of carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, formaldehyde, volatile organic compounds, and other combustion by-products. Incomplete combustion occurs when there is not enough oxygen; the inputs are fuels that contain various contaminants and their output is a dangerous byproduct, the most dangerous carbon monoxide, which is a tasteless and odorless gas with serious adverse health effects.
Without good ventilation, carbon monoxide can be deadly at a concentration of 1000 ppm (0.1%). However, at several hundred ppm, exposure to carbon monoxide induces headaches, fatigue, nausea, and vomiting. Carbon monoxide binds with hemoglobin in the blood, forming carboxyhemoglobin, reducing the ability of blood to transport oxygen. The major health problems associated with exposure to carbon monoxide are cardiovascular and neurobehavioral effects. Carbon monoxide can cause atherosclerosis (hardening of the arteries) and can also trigger heart attacks. Neurologically, carbon monoxide exposure reduces hand-to-eye coordination, vigilance, and ongoing performance. It can also affect time discrimination.
Ventilation
Ventilation is the process of changing or replacing air in any room to control the temperature or eliminate any combination of moisture, odor, smoke, heat, dust, bacteria in the air, or carbon dioxide, and to fill in oxygen. Ventilation includes the exchange of air with the outside as well as air circulation in the building. This is one of the most important factors for maintaining acceptable indoor air quality within the building. Methods for building ventilation can be divided into types of mechanics/forced and natural .
Mechanical or forced ventilation
Mechanical, or forced, ventilation is provided by air handlers (AHU) and used to control indoor air quality. Excessive moisture, odor, and contaminants can often be controlled through dilution or replacement with outside air. However, in a humid climate, more energy is needed to remove excess moisture from the air vents.
Kitchen and bathrooms usually have mechanical exhaust to control odors and sometimes humidity. Factors in the system design include flow rate (which is a function of fan speed and discharge hole size) and noise level. Direct drive fans are available for many applications, and can reduce maintenance requirements.
Ceiling fans and desk/floor fans circulate air indoors for the purpose of reducing the perceived temperature by increasing evaporation of the sweat on the skin of the occupants. As the hot air rises, the ceiling fan can be used to keep the room warmer in the winter by distributing warm stratified air from the ceiling to the floor.
Natural ventilation
Natural ventilation is the ventilation of a building with outside air without the use of a fan or other mechanical system. This can be through an executable window, grille, or vent when space is small and architecture allows. In more complex schemes, warm air is allowed to rise and flows out of the high-rise building openings (stack effect), causing cold outer air to be pulled into low building openings. Natural ventilation schemes can use less energy, but care should be taken to ensure comfort. In warm or humid climates, maintaining thermal comfort only through natural ventilation may not be possible. Air conditioning systems are used, either as a backup or supplement. Air side economists also use the outside air to condition space, but do so by using fans, conduits, dampers, and control systems to introduce and distribute cold outside air when necessary.
An important component of natural ventilation is the rate of air change or hourly air change: the rate of ventilation per hour divided by the volume of space. For example, six air changes per hour means the amount of new air, equal to the volume of space, is added every ten minutes. For human convenience, a minimum of four air changes per hour is typical, although the warehouse may have only two. Too high the rate of air change may be uncomfortable, similar to a wind tunnel that has thousands of changes per hour. The highest rate of air change is for crowded spaces, bars, nightclubs, commercial kitchens with about 30 to 50 hourly air changes.
Room pressure can be positive or negative with respect to outdoors. Positive pressure occurs when there is more air being supplied than is discharged, and is common to reduce infiltration of outer contaminants.
Air disease
Natural ventilation is a key factor in reducing the spread of air diseases such as tuberculosis, colds, influenza and meningitis. Opening doors, windows, and using ceiling fans are all ways to maximize natural ventilation and reduce the risk of airborne transmission. Natural ventilation requires little maintenance and is not expensive.
Air Conditioning
Air conditioning systems, or stand-alone air conditioners, provide cooling and humidity control for all or part of the building. Air-conditioned buildings often have closed windows, because open windows will work against systems intended to maintain constant indoor air conditions. Outside, fresh air is generally pulled into the system by ventilation to the indoor heat exchanger, creating positive air pressure. The percentage of back air composed of fresh air can usually be manipulated by adjusting the opening of this ventilation. The typical fresh air intake is about 10%.
AC and cooler are provided by heat dissipation. Heat can be removed by radiation, convection, or conduction. Cooling conduction media such as water, air, ice, and chemicals are referred to as refrigerants. Refrigerants are used either in heat pump systems where compressors are used to drive thermodynamic cooling cycles, or in free cooling systems that use pumps to circulate cold refrigerants (usually water or glycol mixtures).
Cooling cycle
The refrigeration cycle uses four essential elements to cool down.
- The system refrigerant starts its cycle in the form of gas. The compressor pumps coolant gas to high pressure and temperature.
- From there it enters a heat exchanger (sometimes called condensing coil or condenser) where it loses energy (heat) out, cools, and condenses into its liquid phase.
- An expansion valve (also called a measuring device) regulates the coolant to flow at the correct speed. Liquid refrigerant is returned to another heat exchanger which allows it to evaporate, therefore a heat exchanger is often called a evaporator coil or an evaporator. When the liquid refrigerant evaporates, it absorbs energy (heat) from the deep air, returns to the compressor, and repeats the cycle. In the process, heat is absorbed from the room and transferred outdoors, resulting in cooling of the building.
In variable climates, the system may include an inverting valve that switches from heating in winter to cooling in summer. By reversing the refrigerant flow, the heat pump cooling cycle is converted from cooling to heating or vice versa. This allows the facility to be heated and cooled by one piece of equipment in the same way, and with the same hardware.
Free cooling
The free cooling system can have very high efficiency, and sometimes combined with seasonal thermal energy storage so winter can be used for summer air conditioning. Common storage media are deep aquifers or natural underground rock mass accessed through a group of small diameter drill holes equipped with heat-exchangers. Some systems with small storage are hybrids, using free cooling at the beginning of the cooling season, and then using heat pumps to cool the circulation from storage. The heat pump is added because the storage acts as a heat sink when the system is in cooling mode (as opposed to charging), causing the temperature to gradually increase during the cooling season.
Some systems include "save mode", which is sometimes called "free cooling mode." When saving, the control system will open (fully or partially) the air outer absorbers and close (fully or partially) the air damper again. This will cause fresh air outside to be supplied to the system. When the outside air is colder than the requested cold air, this will allow the demand to be met without using a mechanical supply of cooling (usually cold water or direct expansion "DX" units), thus saving energy. The control system can compare the temperature of the outside air with the air behind, or it can compare the air enthalpy, as is often done in climates where moisture is more of a problem. In both cases, the outside air must be less energetic than the air returns for the system to enter the economizer mode.
Packaged vs. system split
An all-air (or packaged) air-conditioning system with combined condenser/evaporator units is often installed in residential, offices and public buildings in North America, but difficult to retrofit (installed in buildings not designed to receive them) because of the large airways required. (Minisplit ductless systems are used in this situation.) Outside of North America, the package system is only used in limited applications involving large indoor spaces such as stadiums, theaters or exhibition halls.
An alternative to package systems is the use of separate indoor and outdoor coils in separate systems. Split systems are preferred and widely used worldwide except in North America. In North America, split systems are most commonly seen in residential applications, but they gain popularity in small commercial buildings.
With a split system, the evaporator coil is connected to a remote condenser unit using refrigerant piping between the indoor and outdoor units rather than direct air from the outer unit. Indoor unit with directional vent mount to the wall, hanging from the ceiling, or going into the ceiling. Other indoor units are installed inside the ceiling cavity, so the length of the duct handles short air from the indoor unit to the vents or diffusers around the room.
The split system is more efficient and the footprint is usually smaller than the package system. On the other hand, the package system tends to have a slightly lower indoor noise level than the split system because the fan motor is located on the outside.
Dehumidification
Dehumidification (air drying) in the AC system is provided by the evaporator. Since the evaporator operates at a temperature below the dew point, moisture in the air condenses on the evaporator coil tube. This moisture is collected at the bottom of the evaporator in the pan and disposed of by piping into the central ducts or to the ground outside.
A dehumidifier is a cooling-like device that controls the humidity of a room or a building. It is often used in basements that have higher relative humidity due to lower temperatures (and tendencies for moist floors and walls). In food retailing companies, large open chiller cabinets are highly effective at removing internal air humidity. Conversely, humidifiers increase the moisture of a building.
Maintenance
All modern air conditioning systems, even small window package units, are equipped with internal air filters. These are generally lightweight gauze materials, and should be replaced or washed when conditions are warranted. For example, buildings in high dust environments, or houses with furry pets, should have a filter that is more frequently replaced than the building without the burden of these impurities. Failure to replace this filter if necessary will contribute to lower heat exchange rates, generate wasted energy, shorter equipment life, and higher energy bills; Low airflow can produce an ice evaporator coil, which can completely stop airflow. In addition, very dirty or clogged filters can cause overheating during warm-up cycles, and may result in damage to the system or even fire.
Since the air conditioner moves heat between the indoor coil and the outdoor coil, both must remain clean. This means that, in addition to replacing the air filter on the evaporator coil, it is also necessary to regularly clean the condenser coils. Failure to keep the condenser clean will ultimately lead to damage to the compressor, since the condenser coil is responsible for releasing indoor heat (as evaporator takes) and the heat generated by the electric motor that drives the compressor.
Energy efficiency
Since the 1980s, HVAC equipment manufacturers have been trying to make their production systems more efficient. This was initially driven by rising energy costs, and was recently driven by increased awareness of environmental issues. In addition, improving the efficiency of HVAC systems can also help improve occupant health and productivity. In the US, the EPA has imposed strict restrictions for years. There are several methods to make HVAC systems more efficient.
Heating energy
In the past, water heaters were more efficient to heat buildings and were standard in the United States. Currently, forced air systems can double for air conditioning and are more popular.
Some of the benefits of forced air systems, which are now widely used in churches, schools and mansions, are
- Better AC effect
- Energy savings of up to 15-20%
- Even conditioning
The drawback is the cost of installation, which can be slightly higher than traditional HVAC systems.
Energy efficiency can be increased even more in central heating systems by introducing space heaters. This allows more detailed heat applications, similar to non-central heating systems. Zones are controlled by several thermostats. In water heating systems, the thermostat control zone valves, and in their forced air systems control the zone dampers in vents that selectively block airflow. In this case, the control system is very important to maintain the right temperature.
Forecasting is another method of controlling the heating of a building by calculating the demand for heating the energy that must be supplied to the building in each time unit.
Heat source ground pump
Soil sources, or geothermal, heat pumps are similar to ordinary heat pumps, but instead of transferring heat to or from the outside air, they rely on stable and even earth temperatures to provide heating and air conditioning. Many areas experience seasonal extreme temperatures, which will require heating and cooling of large capacity equipment to heat or cool buildings. For example, a conventional heat pump system used to heat buildings at a low temperature of -70 ° C (-57 ° C) or cool buildings at the highest temperature ever recorded in the US - 134 ° F (57 ° C). Ã, Â ° C) in Death Valley, California, in 1913 would require enormous amounts of energy due to the extreme difference between air temperature inside and outside. A few meters below the earth's surface, however, the soil remains at a relatively constant temperature. Utilizing these relatively moderate sources of earth temperature, the capacity of the heating or cooling systems can often be significantly reduced. Although the soil temperature varies according to latitude, at 6 feet (1.8 m) underground, the temperature generally ranges from 45 to 75 Â ° F (7 to 24 Â ° C).
An example of a geothermal heat pump that uses a water body as a heat sink, is a system used by the Trump International Hotel and Tower in Chicago, Illinois. The building is located on the Chicago River, and uses cold river water by pumping it into a circulating cooling system, where heat exchangers move heat from the building into the water, and then the heated water is now pumped back into the Chicago River.
While they may be more expensive to install than ordinary heat pumps, geothermal heat pumps can generate very low energy bills - 30 to 40 percent lower, according to estimates from the US Environmental Protection Agency.
Geothermal heat pumps still provide higher efficiency than air source heat pumps. Some models provide 70% savings compared to electrical resistance heaters..
Recovery of ventilation energy
The energy recovery system sometimes uses heat recovery ventilation or energy recovery ventilation systems that use heat exchangers or an enthalpy wheel to recover a sensible or latent heat from exhausted air. This is done by transferring energy into the fresh air that enters.
The air conditioning energy
The performance of the vapor compression refrigeration cycle is limited by thermodynamics. These heaters and heat pumps are moving hotter than changing them from one form to another, so thermal efficiency does not exactly describe the performance of this device. Coefficient-Performance (COP) measures performance, but this dimensionless dimension has not yet been adopted. In contrast, the Energy Efficiency Ratio ( EER ) has traditionally been used to characterize the performance of many HVAC systems. EER is an Energy Efficiency Ratio based on an outdoor temperature of 35 ° C (95 ° F). To more accurately describe the performance of AC equipment during the typical modified cooling season of the EER, Seasonal Energy Efficiency Ratios ( SIER ), or in ESEER Europe, is used. The SEER rating is based on an average seasonal temperature rather than a constant outdoor temperature of 35 ° C, (95 °, F). The current industry minimum SIER rating is 14 SIER.
Engineers have pointed out some areas where hardware efficiency can be improved. For example, the fan blades used for moving the air are usually stamped from sheet metal, the method of manufacture is economical, but as a result they are not aerodynamically efficient. Well-designed knives can reduce the electrical power required to move air up to one-third.
Filtering and air purification
Air purification and filtration remove particles, contaminants, vapors and gases from the air. Filtered and cleaned air is then used in heating, ventilation and air conditioning. Air cleaning and filtering should be considered when protecting our building environment.
Clean air delivery speed and filter performance
The net air delivery rate is the amount of clean air provided by clean air into the room or space. When determining CADR, the amount of airflow in space is taken into account. For example, air purifier with flow rate of 100 cfm (cubic feet per minute) and 50% efficiency have CADR 50 cfm. Along with CADR, filtration performance is very important when it comes to air in our indoor environment. Filter performance depends on particle size or fiber, filter filter density and depth, as well as airflow rate.
Industry and HVAC standards
The HVAC industry is a worldwide company, with roles including operations and maintenance, system design and construction, equipment manufacturing and sales, and in education and research. The HVAC industry is historically regulated by HVAC equipment manufacturers, but organizing and standards organizations such as HARDI, ASHRAE, SMACNA, ACCA, Uniform Mechanical Code, International Mechanical Code, and AMCA have been established to support industry and drive high standards and achievements.
The starting point in doing a good estimate for cooling and heating depends on the weather conditions and the specified interior exterior. However, before taking heat load calculations, it is necessary to find fresh air requirements for each area in detail, since pressure is an important consideration.
International
ISO 16813: 2006 is one of ISO building's environmental standards. It establishes the general principles of building environment design. It considers the need to provide a healthy indoor environment for occupants as well as the need to protect the environment for future generations and promote collaboration among the various parties involved in building environmental design for sustainability. ISO16813 applies to new construction and retrofit of existing buildings.
The building design environment standard aims to:
- provides a constraint on the issue of sustainability from the early stages of the design process, by building and plant life cycles to be considered along with owning and operating costs from the beginning of the design process;
- assess the proposed design with rational criteria for indoor air quality, thermal comfort, acoustic comfort, visual comfort, energy efficiency, and HVAC control systems at every stage of the design process;
- repeating design decisions and evaluations throughout the design process.
North America
United States
In the United States, HVAC engineers are generally members of the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE), EPA Universal CFC certified (for the installation and service of CFC HVAC devices), or certified local engineers such as Special License for Boiler Head issued by the state or, in some jurisdictions, cities. ASHRAE is an international technical community for all individuals and organizations interested in HVAC. The Society, organized into student territories, chapters, and branches, enables the exchange of HVAC knowledge and experience for the benefit of field practitioners and the community. ASHRAE provides many opportunities to participate in the development of new knowledge through, for example, research and many technical committees. These committees usually meet twice a year at the ASHRAE Annual and Winter Meetings. The popular product exhibition, AHR Expo, is held in conjunction with every winter meeting. The institute has about 50,000 members and is headquartered in Atlanta, Georgia.
The most recognized standard for HVAC design is based on ASHRAE data. The most common of the four volumes of the ASHRAE Handbook are the Basics; that includes the calculation of heating and cooling. Each volume of the ASHRAE Handbook is updated every four years. Design professionals should consult ASHRAE data for design and maintenance standards because typical building codes provide little or no information about HVAC design practices; codes like UMC and IMC do cover a lot of detail on the installation requirements. Other useful reference materials include items from SMACNA, ACGIH, and technical trade journals.
American design standards are enacted in Mechanical Code Uniform or International Mechanical Code. In certain states, districts, or cities, one of these codes may be adopted and amended through various legislative processes. These codes are updated and published by the International Association of Plumbing and Mechanical Officials (IAPMO) or the International Code Council (ICC) respectively, on a 3-year code development cycle. Typically, local building permitting departments are charged with enforcing these standards on certain private and public properties.
HVAC professionals in the US can receive training through formal training institutions, where most get an associate degree. Training for HVAC technicians includes lecture classes and direct assignments, and can be followed by internships where recent graduates work with professional HVAC technicians for a temporary period. Trained HVAC technicians can also be certified in areas such as air conditioning, heat pumps, gas heaters, and commercial coolers.
Europe
United Kingdom
The Chartered Institute of Building Services Engineers is a body that includes essential Services (system architecture) that enable buildings to operate. These include electrotechnical, heating, ventilation, air conditioning, refrigeration and industrial pipes. To train as a building service engineer, the academic requirement is GCSE (A-C)/Standard Class (1-3) in Mathematics and Science, which is important in measurement, planning and theory. Employers will often want a degree in engineering, such as building environmental engineering, electrical engineering or mechanical engineering. To become a full member of CIBSE, and so as to be registered by Engineering Council UK as a charter engineer, engineers must also earn a Honors degree and a master's degree in a relevant engineering field.
CIBSE publishes several guidelines for HVAC design that are relevant to the UK market, as well as the Republic of Ireland, Australia, New Zealand and Hong Kong. The guide covers a range of design criteria and recommended standards, some of which are cited in UK building regulations, and therefore form legislative requirements for major building works. The main guides are:
- Guide A: Environmental Design
- Guide B: Heating, Refreshment, Air Conditioning and Refrigeration
- Guide C: Reference Data
- Guide D: Building transport system
- Guide E: Fire Security Techniques
- Guide F: Energy Efficiency in Buildings
- Guide G: Community Health Techniques
- Guide H: Building Control System
- Guide A: Weather, Solar and Illumination Data
- Guide K: Electricity in Building
- Guide L: Sustainability
- Guide M: Maintenance Engineering and Management
Within the construction sector, it is the job of building service engineers to design and oversee the installation and maintenance of essential services such as gas, electricity, water, heating and lighting, as well as many others. All this helps make building a comfortable and healthy place to live and work. Building Services is part of a sector that has more than 51,000 businesses and employs 2% -3% of GDP.
Australia
The Association of Australian AC and Mechanical Contractors (AMCA), Australian Refrigeration, Air Conditioning and Heating Institute (AIRAH), Australian Refrigeration Mechanical Association and CIBSE are responsible.
Asia
Temperature control of Asian architecture has different priorities from the European method. For example, Asian heating has traditionally focused on maintaining the temperature of objects such as floors or furnishings such as Kotatsu tables and direct warmers, as opposed to Western focus, in the modern period, on the design of air systems.
Philippines
The Philippines Society for Ventilation, Air Conditioning and Refrigeration (PSVARE) together with the Filipino Engine Engineering Society (PSME) regulates the codes and standards for HVAC/MVAC (MVAC means "mechanical ventilation and air conditioning") in the Philippines.
India
Indian Heating, Air-Conditioning and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ISHRAE) was established to promote the HVAC industry in India. ISHRAE is an ASHRAE partner. ISHRAE started in Delhi in 1981 and a chapter began in Bangalore in 1989. Between 1989 & amp; 1993, ISHRAE chapters were formed in all major cities of India
See also
- Airspeed (HVAC)
- ASHRAE Handbook
- Fan coil unit
- Glossary of HVAC
- Cooling beaming
- Sick building syndrome
- Firewood outside boiler
References
Further reading
- The mechanical system (building service) at EncyclopÃÆ'Â|dia Britannica
- International Mechanical Code (2012 (Second Matter)) by International Code Council, Thomson Delmar Learning;
- Modern Air Cooling and Cooling (August 2003) by Althouse, Turnquist, and Bracciano, Goodheart-Wilcox Publisher; 18th Edition
- Cool Cost
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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