The RAV4 EV is the all-electric version of the popular RAV4 SUV manufactured by Toyota. Two generations of EV models are sold in California, and to fleets elsewhere in the United States, with a difference of nearly ten years between them.
The first generation was rented from 1997 to 2003, and at the request of the lessee, many units were sold after the vehicle was discontinued. A total of 1,484 were leased and/or sold in California to meet the country's mandate for zero-emission vehicles. A small amount is sold or leased in fleet sales in another state. By mid-2012, there are nearly 500 units still in use in California. The second generation EV production is limited to 2,600 units over three years, with limited sales to California starting in 2012. Production ends in September 2014. A total of 2,489 second-generation model units are sold in California until April 2015.
Toyota is working with Tesla Motors to develop a second generation RAV4 EV, and electric SUVs are released in the United States in September 2012. The US Environmental Protection Agency rated second-generation RAV4 EV with a combined range of 103 mi (166 km) and a combined fuel economy rating of 76 miles per gallon of gas equivalent (3.1 L/100 km).
Video Toyota RAV4 EV
Generasi pertama
The first fleet version of the RAV4 EV became available on a limited basis in 1997. In 2001 it was possible for businesses, cities or utilities to rent one or two of these cars. Toyota then actually sold or rented 328 RAV4 EVs to the general public in 2003, at which time the program was discontinued despite a waiting list of potential customers.
The RAV4 EV is very similar to the usual internal combustion engine version (ICE) - without exhaust - and has a top speed set at 78 mph (~ 126 km/h) with an EPA range of 95 mi (153 km). The 95 amp-hour NiMH battery pack has a capacity of 27 kWh, charging inductively and has proven to be extremely durable. Some RAV4 EVs have been driven over 150,000 miles (240,000 km) using original batteries. It was also one of several vehicles with a single speed gearbox when introduced to the market.
In addition to the unusual power train (battery, controller and motor), the system remaining in the RAV4 EV is comparable to the gasoline-powered RAV4. Brake power, power steering, tire wear components and similar suspensions unless they use a power source. The power brake uses an electric pump to provide a vacuum instead of removing the vacuum from the engine manifold. Power steering uses an electric motor instead of the mechanical energy sent by the belt fan. The passenger compartment is heated and electrically cooled using a heat pump (first fleet application of a heat pump in a road vehicle) by heating the additional electrical resistance as a backup.
Performance
The production of the RAV4 EV has a top speed of 137 km/h (85 mph), a 0-60 time tested around 18 seconds (depending on battery charging). The EPA's driving range is 95 miles (153 km) with an EPA fuel economy rating of 43 kW Â · h/100 mi (equivalent to 78 MPGe). The realization of fuel economy and range depends on the same factors as traditional gasoline-powered vehicles including rolling resistance and average speed (aerodynamic drag).
The RAV4 EV battery pack uses a 24 12-volt, 95Ah NiMH battery that is capable of storing 27 kWh of energy.
Charging
RAV4 EV battery can be recharged from fully discharged to fully charged in about five hours, and monitored by a passive battery balance system. Electricity is supplied by charging the Magne Charge Induction paddle from a wall-mounted 6000 Watt charger unit at 220 volt, 30 amps, "type drying" type of North American refrigerant. Some previous RAV4 EV prototypes are filled through the front conductive charger clutch made by Yazaki Corporation.
Mileage costs
Charges the RAV4 EV from full-dead to full charge using approximately 30 kWhjk of power; the excess above the battery capacity is used by the charging system. At the level of US $ 0.09 per kilowatt-hour, this charge is approximately US $ 2.70 . In May 2008, based on gasoline price per gallon US $ 3.80 and up and non-EV 2003 RAV4 2-wheel-drive gasoline fuel efficiency 27 mpg -US ( The RAV4 EV costs about 20% more on a per mile basis, and makes the mileage in the equivalent RAV4 EV cost to a small SUV of 111.1mpg < sub> -US (2.117Ã, L/100Ã, km; 133.4mpg -imp ).
In addition, the RAV4 EV has a charging timer mounted on the dash that allows the vehicle to start charging at any given time. Because the RAV4 EV easily becomes the main cost of electricity in a medium-sized home, it allows the owner to use the Day-to-Day Gauges to reduce electricity costs. This configuration is a standard practice with RAV4 EV owners. The price of electricity at night depends on the operator, but usually in the range of 60% of the normal rate. In the use of RAV4 EV charging, this is equivalent to a cheaper cost per mile, roughly equivalent to a vehicle capable of 166.6 mpg -US (1,412Ã, L/100Ã, km; 200.1mpg -imp ), based on the price of US $ 3.00 per gallon.
The US Environmental Protection Agency records the mileage ratings for the RAV4 EV in its annual Fuel Guidelines yearly from 2000 to 2003. The 2003 model recorded city fuel efficiency of 39 kW/h mi/100 mi, 49 kW/h mi/100 mi ; city ​​mileage rating is equivalent to 125 mpg -US (1.88 L/100 km; 150 mpg -imp ), and 100 mpg -US (2.4Ã, L/100Ã, km; 120 mpg -imp ) on the highway. The combined value of EPA mileage is 112 mpg -US (2.10 L/100 km; 135 mpg -imp ).
In 2007, the EPA updated its rating system and revised its rating to the city equivalent to 87 mpg -US (2.7 L/100 km; 104 mpg -imp ), road highway equivalent to 69 mpg -US (3.4 L/100 km; 83 mpg -imp ), and a combined equivalent of 78 mpg -US (3.0Ã, L/100Ã, km; 94Ã,mpg -imp ).
Consumables
RAV4 EV battery system is consumables. Toyota reported that the cost of replacing the current battery pack is higher than the value of the used vehicle. Toyota tested the RAV4 EV in Japan for 300,000 miles (480,000 km) for two years before introducing vehicles in the United States. The economical scale affects the cost of RAV4 EV replacement.
Prototyping
The pre-production prototype RAV4 EV was first launched in a secret evaluation program with electric utilities across the US. The prototype is based on a smaller, two-door RAV4 version. This prototype includes several versions with Panasonic NiMH batteries, and others with high performance lead-acid PbA batteries (the same that eventually find their way into EV1 and other GM production electric vehicles). The RAV4 EV prototype also comes with a 2-level on-board charger and is connected via a front fender conductive fender clutch made by Yazaki Corporation. Both prototypes are well received.
Valuers of utility employees do not have to pay for themselves more expensive and sophisticated NiMH batteries, and the NiMH RAV4 EV prototype receives better reviews, due to its increasing range. Its energy efficiency, however, is not as good as the PbA version. Due to the impracticality of developing two types of batteries for limited volume programs, Toyota opted for higher performance, the more expensive NiMH RAV4 EV. This results in greater production costs, and higher purchase prices.
A number of electric vehicle supporters voiced disappointment that the choice was made to produce only the NiMH version. Many proponents of electric vehicles claim that the choice of NiMH battery car maker works against the 90s deployment of cost-effective electric vehicles based on PbA batteries, and that further development of lead acid technology can produce similar performance with NiMH, but basically lower prices. Their argument is that usable electric vehicles are possible at a much lower price, and that lower purchase prices will encourage greater acceptance of electric vehicles.
Company purchase
Initially, RAV4 EVs were only available for a three-year fleet rental, not for sale and not for rent to the public, at some dealerships beginning in 1997. From 2001, rentals were available for a small "fleet of one" purportedly run by small businesses.
Public availability
In March 2002, due to a shift in company policy, Toyota RAV4-EV was made available for sale to the general public. All 328 Toyota produced were sold. No one knows for sure what prompted Toyota to change their position in the RAV4-EV, as they have long fulfilled their obligations under the MOA with the California Air Resources Council's (NEV) zero-emissions mandate through the fleet rental program.
MSRP is US $ 42.000 ; but in California, the US $ 9,000-ZIP grant rebate , declined in 2003 to US $ 5,000 , and the credits US $ 4,000 from the Internal Revenue Service brought the price to US $ 29,000 ( US $ 33.000 for delivery in 2003, including the home charger.
More RAV4-EVs were sold than planned for manufacture through standard assembly techniques. Toyota meets every order despite the fact that several dozen of the last vehicles have to be assembled from spare parts due to lack of production components (a more expensive way to build vehicles). These unexpected developments led to shipments to September 2003. It also caused variations in vehicles such as heated seats, retractable antennas, mats, etc.
The last of 328 EVs was sold in November 2002.
Sales
A total of 1,484 hired and/or sold in California.
Chevron Patent Encumbrance
Whether Toyota wants to continue production, it's impossible to do so because the EV-95 battery is no longer available. Chevron has inherited worldwide patent controls for NiMH EV-95 batteries when combined with Texaco, which has purchased it from General Motors. The Chevron Unit won a $ 30,000,000 split from Toyota and Panasonic, and the production line for a large NiMH battery was shut down and dismantled. The case was resolved in the ICC's International Arbitration Tribunal, and was not made public due to a silencing order committed to all parties involved. Only smaller NiMH batteries, unable to power an electric vehicle or plugging in, are allowed by Chevron-Texaco.
Maps Toyota RAV4 EV
Second generation
The second generation RAV4 EV was released in September 2012 starting at a price of US $ 49,800 before government incentives. Toyota also offers a 36-month lease option at US $ 599 per month with a down payment of US $ 3,499 . The RAV4 EV is only sold in California, and sales begin in San Francisco Bay Area, Los Angeles/Orange County and San Diego. Production is limited to 2,600 for three years. The RAV4 EV is available to individual consumers and fleet customers. Due to the battery capacity, the RAV4 EV qualifies for a federal tax credit US $ 7,500 and also qualifies for US $ 2,500 rebates in California. Total 192 units were sold during 2012 and 1,096 during 2013. A total of 2,489 units were sold in the US until April 2015. Production runs end in September 2014. History
The first prototype was built in just three weeks after the signing of a joint development agreement with Tesla and Toyota, and testing began in July 2010.
The second generation RAV4 EV demonstrator was launched in November 2010 Los Angeles Auto Show. Toyota built 35 of these converted RAV4s (Zero Phase vehicles) for a demonstration and evaluation program that lasts through 2011. Metal lithium-oxide batteries and other power train components are supplied by Tesla Motors. The revamped RAV4 EV production version (the Phase One vehicle) was launched at the International Electrical Vehicle Symposium in May 2012 in Los Angeles.
The second generation of the RAV4 EV production model using the SAE J1772 charging standard, the initial prototype has a 660 pound (299 kg) lithium-ion battery with a total capacity of 50 kWh, 37 kWh can be used, and reaches between 80 to 120 mi (130 to 190 km ). The RAV4 EV battery, electronic components and powertrain in production versions are similar to those used in the Tesla Model S sedan that was launched in June 2012, and the Zero Stage vehicle uses components from Tesla Roadster (2008).
Powertrain
The second generation RAV4 EV combines Tesla designed and manufactured batteries and electric powertrains with Toyota SUV models. The electric motor supplied by Tesla is an AC induction motor, a departure from Toyota's practice of using synchronous permanent magnet motors in their hybrid electric vehicles. Transaxle differential open tooth retains a gear ratio of 9.73. The RAV4 EV weighs 4,030 pounds (1,830 kg), 470 pounds (210 kg) heavier than the RAV4 Limited front wheel drive with a V-6 engine.
The peak motor output output is 115 kW (154 hp), with peak torque in normal mode 296 N m m (220 ft lb), and peak torque in 370 N N m (270 ft lb) sport mode. The RAV 4 offers two drive modes: Normal and Sport. The maximum speed of the vehicle in Normal mode is 85 mph (137 km/h), and the maximum in Sport mode, which also has a more aggressive gas pedal feel, is 100 mph (160 km/h). The US Environmental Protection Agency assesses that the RAV4 EV combines fuel economy at 76 miles per liter of gasoline equivalent (3.1 L/100 km), equivalent to 78 mpg -US (3.0Ã, L/100 km ); 94 mpg -imp ) in city driving and 74 mpg -US (3.2 L/100 km; 89 mpg -imp ) on the road highway.
Battery and range
The battery pack is a 386V lithium-ion battery pack that consists of about 4,500 cells and is rated at 41.8 kWh of energy that can be used with full charge, with a maximum power output of 129 kW. The RAV4 EV has an onboard 10HW charger (SAE J1772 240V, 40A input). The battery pack is located beneath the floorpan, reducing the ground clearance compared to the gasoline-powered version by several inches, but the electric cargo SUV space of 36.4 cubic feet (1.03 m 3 ) is equal to his gasoline siblings. The battery pack weighs 840 pounds (380 kg) and because it is located at the bottom of the vehicle, the lower center of gravity provides better handling than the conventional Toyota RAV4.
The RAV4 EV has two charging modes: Standard and Extended. In standard mode, high voltage batteries are only charged up to 35 kWh and Toyota expects an electric SUV to achieve an EPA driving range rating of 92 mi (148 km) for this charging mode. The expanded mode allows the battery to charge up to a full usable capacity of 41.8 kWh, providing an estimated EPA driving range of 113 mi (182 km) according to Toyota forecasts. The EPA is only given a range of 103 miles (166 km). The standard mode is designed to optimize battery life beyond coverage; however, the 8-year, 100,000-mile battery warranty will cover the package regardless of the charging mode during the lifetime of the pack. However, due to EPA procedures, Toyota expects the Monroney label to show a combined range of 103 mi (166 km).
Charging time with 40A/240V charging stations is 5 hours in Standard Mode and 6 hours for Renewal Mode; the onboard charger generates 9.6 kW at 40 amperes of input, resulting in a recharge time of only 6 hours for the Extended Mode. Toyota has arranged with Leviton to offer a custom 2 level charging station at a price of US $ 1,590 including basic installation. At the other end of the scale, and due to its large battery, charging at 110 Volts with a standard coming cable under the rear deck takes 44 hours for Standard Mode and 52 hours for Renewal Mode. An aftermarket company called Quick Charge Power has come up with a way to add CHAdeMO DC Quick Charging 48Kw to RAV4ev which dramatically shortens charging time for 41.8 kWh battery. This can make the car very useful in areas where this charging infrastructure exists.
Production
Since May 2010, Toyota Motor Company and Tesla Motors are working together to develop a second generation RAV4 EV using electric motors and Tesla batteries as well as Toyota platform and body. The electric SUV was developed by Tesla and Toyota Technical Center USA in Michigan. On July 15, 2011, Tesla signed a supply and service agreement with Toyota for the provision of a validated electric powertrain system, including batteries, charging systems, inverters, motors, gearboxes and related software, to be integrated into electric vehicles. version of Toyota RAV4.
The RAV4 EV starts assembling in 2012 at Toyota's facility in Woodstock, Ontario alongside regular gasoline versions. Tesla built an electric powertrain at his factory at Tesla Factory in Fremont, California, and then sent him to Canada. The battery supply agreement between Toyota and Tesla ends with the end of production in August 2014.
See also
- Load of large automotive NiMH battery patents
- Chevron Corporation
- Toyota
- Tesla Motors
- Electric vehicles
- Battery of electric vehicle
- PZEV
- SULEV
- AT-PZEV
- Ovonik Energy Conversion Tool
- Government incentives for plug-in electric vehicles
- The list of electric cars is currently available
- List of modern plug-in production vehicles
- Plug-in electric vehicle
References
External links
- The official website of RAV EV Toyota USA.
Source of the article : Wikipedia
0 Comments