Indian is an American motorcycle brand produced from 1901 to 1953 in Springfield, Massachusetts, USA. Hendee Manufacturing Company originally produced motorcycles, but its name was changed to Indian Motocycle Manufacturing Company in 1928.
The Indian factory team took the first three places in the 1911 Isle of Man Tourist Trophy. During the 1910s, India became the world's largest motorcycle manufacturer. The most popular Indian model is Scout, made from 1920 to 1946, and the Head, made from 1922 to 1953, when the Indian Motocycle Manufacturing Company went bankrupt. Various organizations try to immortalize Indian brand names in subsequent years, with limited success.
In 2011, Polaris Industries acquired Indian Motorcycles and moved its operations from North Carolina and incorporated it into existing facilities in Minnesota and Iowa. Since August 2013, Polaris has marketed some modern Indian motorcycles that reflect traditional Indian style.
Video Indian Motocycle Manufacturing Company
Histori
Awal tahun - Hendee dan Hedstrom
"Indian Motocycle Co." was established as a Hendee Manufacturing Company by George M. Hendee in 1897 to manufacture bicycles. It was originally marked as the "Silver King" and "Silver Queen" brand but the name "American Indian", quickly shortened to just "India", was adopted by Hendee from 1898 onward for providing better product recognition in the export market. Oscar Hedstrom joined in 1900. Both Hendee and Hedstrom were former cyclists and manufacturers, and after building three prototypes in Middletown, Connecticut they worked together to produce motorcycles with 1.75 bhp, a one-cylinder engine in the hometown of Hendee, Springfield. The motorcycle was a success and sales increased dramatically over the next decade.
In 1901, the prototype and two single-diamond framed diamond production units were successfully designed, built and tested. The first Indian motorcycles, having a sleek drive and styling chain, were sold to the public in 1902. In 1903, Indian co-founder and chief engineer Oscar Hedstrom set a world motorcycle speed record of 56 mph. In 1904 the company introduced a deep red color that would characterize India. The annual production of Indian motorcycles then exceeded 500, rising to a peak of 32,000 in 1913. Machines from the Single Indian were built by the Aurora Company in Illinois under license from Hendee Mfg Co.. until 1906.
Aurora produced the machine under license for India from about 1901-1907. Aurora is also allowed to sell Indian design machines to third parties and pay Indian fees. After 1907, Aurora could make its own complete motorcycle, which was done by Thor, and India began to produce its own engine.
Competitive success
In 1905, India built its first V-twin racing factory, and in the following years made a strong exhibition in racing and record-breaking. In 1907, the company introduced the first road version of the V-twin and the styled roadster after the factory racer. Roadster can be distinguished from the racer with the presence of a twist grip relationship. One of the most famous riders in the company is Erwin "Cannonball" Baker, who makes a lot of distance records. In 1914, he drove an Indian in America, from San Diego to New York, in a record of 11 days, 12 hours and ten minutes. Baker's grill in the following years was a Powerplus, a V-twin-side valve, introduced in 1916. The 61c (Vc twin) V-twin engine, 42 degrees stronger and quieter than the previous design, provided a top speed of 60 mph (96 km/h). The Powerplus is very successful, both as a roadster and as a base for cycling. It remained in production with some changes until 1924.
The success of the competition plays a major role in India's rapid growth and spur technical innovation as well. One of the best initial results of American companies came on the Isle of Man TT in 1911, when Indian rider Oliver Cyril Godfrey, Franklin and Moorehouse finished first, second and third. Indian star Jake DeRosier made some speed records, both in America and at Brooklands in England, and won about 900 races on dirt tracks and boards. He left India for Excelsior and died in 1913, aged 33, wounded in a boardwalk race accident with Charles "Fearless" Balke, who later became India's top rider. Working in an Indian factory was suspended while DeRosier funeral procession passed.
Oscar Hedstrom left India in 1913 after a dispute with the board of directors over the dubious practice of inflating the value of the company's shares. George Hendee resigned in 1916.
Lightweights 1916-1919
India introduced a two-cylinder two-cylinder single 221 cc Single Model in 1916. The K model has an open cradle frame with engine as a member of stress and rotating front fork that has been used previously on a single cylinder motorcycle but has largely been replaced on another Indian motorcycle with trailing fork leaf-spotted trailing.
Model K was produced for a year and was replaced in 1917 by Model O. The Model O has a new four-stroke flat-twin engine and frame, but maintains a rotating fork on the front. Model O was produced until 1919.
World War I
When the US entered World War I, India sold most of the Powerplus lines in 1917 and 1918 to the US government, leaving its dealer network starved. This blow to the availability of domestic motorcycles caused the loss of dealers from which India never recovered sufficiently. While motorcycles are popular in the military, post-war demands are then taken by other manufacturers to whom many of the faithful Indian merchants previously turned. While India shares in the business boom of the 1920s, it has lost its No. 1 position in the US market to Harley-Davidson.
The inter-war era
The Scout and Chief V-twins, introduced in the early 1920s, became the most successful corporate model in Springfield. Designed by Charles Franklin, middle-class Scouts and a larger Chief shared the 42-degree V-twin engine layout. Both models gain a reputation for strength and reliability.
In 1930, Indians joined Du Pont Motors. DuPont Motors founder E. Paul DuPont stopped production of duPont cars and concentrated company resources on India. The DuPont paint industry connection resulted in no less than 24 color choices in 1934. Models of that era had the famous bonnet war logo in India on a gas tank. The big Springfield factory in India is known as Wigwam, and the original image of America is widely used in advertising.
In 1940, India sold almost as many motorcycles as its main rival, Harley-Davidson. During this time, India also manufactures other products such as aircraft engines, bicycles, ship motors and air conditioners.
Scout
The Indian Scout was built from 1920 to 1949. It rivals the Head as the most important Indian model.
The Scout was introduced for 1920. Designed by Charles B. Franklin, Scout has a gearbox bolted to a machine and driven by a tooth instead of a belt or chain. The machine initially displaced 37Ã, cuÃ, at (610Ã, cc); Scout 45, with 45o, cuÃ, displacement at (740Ã, cc), became available in 1927 to compete with Excelsior Super X. The front brakes became standard on the original Scout in early 1928.
Then in 1928, Scout and Scout 45 were replaced by the Model 101 Scout. Another Franklin design, 101 Scout has a longer wheelbase and a lower seating height than the original. The 101 Scout is famous for its handling.
The 101 Scout was replaced by Standard Scout for 1932. Scout Standard shared frame with Head and Four; as a result, Standard Scout is heavier and less agile than 101.
The second line of the Boy Scouts was introduced for 1933. Based on the suspended single-cylinder motorcycle cycles of India, Motoplane used a 45-inch cubic engine from the Standard Scout while Pony Scout had a 30.5 cu displacement displacement at (500 cc). In 1934 Motoplane was replaced by a sport Scout with a heavier but more rigid frame that was able to withstand 45 cubic inch engine powers, while Pony Scout, later renamed Junior Boy Scouts, continued with the Prince/Motoplane frame. Between the introduction of the Sport Scout in 1934 and the termination of the Standard Scout in 1937 there were three Scout (Pony/Junior, Standard, and Sport) models with three different frames. The Sport Scout and Junior Scout continued until civil production was interrupted in early 1942.
Chief
Introduced in 1922, the Indian Chief has a 1,000cc (61 cubic inch) engine based on the Powerplus engine; a year later the engine was enlarged to 1200 cc (73 cubic inches). Many improvements were made to the Head over the years, including the provision of front brakes in 1928.
In 1940, all models were equipped with a large fender circle that became the Indian trademark, and the Head gained a new emerging frame that was superior to rival rival Harley's rivals. The 1940s Chiefs are handsome and comfortable, capable of 85 mph (137 km/h) in standard form and over 100 mph (160 km/h) when tuned, although their weight gain inhibits acceleration.
The 1948 Chief has a 74 cubic inch engine, a hand shift and a clutch of legs. While one handlebar handlebar is controlled throttle the other is progress manual spark.
In 1950, the V-twin engine was enlarged to 1,300 cc (79 cubic inches) and a telescopic fork was adopted. But the Indian financial problem means that some bicycles are built. Head production ended in 1953.
Four
Indians purchased Ace Motor Corporation in 1927 and moved the production of 4-cylinder Ace motorcycles to Springfield. It was marketed as an Indian Ace in 1927.
In 1928, the Indian Ace was replaced by Indian 401, the development of Ace designed by Arthur O. Lemon, former Chief Engineer at Ace, employed by India when they bought Ace. Ace main board fork and coil spring coil replaced with Indian trailing-link fork and quarter-leaf spring of ellipse.
In 1929, the Indian 401 was replaced by the 402 Indians who received a stronger twin-downtube frame based on a 101 Scout frame and a five-bearing crankshaft that was stronger than the Ace, which had only three crankshaft bearings.
Despite the low demand for luxury motorcycles during the Great Depression, India has not only continued production of the Four, but continues to develop motorcycles. One of the less popular versions of the Four is the "reverse engine" on the 1936-37 model. While previously (and later) Fours had an inlet-over-exhaust (IOE) cylinder head with an overhead inlet valve and side exhaust valve, the Indian Four 1936-1937 had a unique EOI cylinder head, upside down. In theory, this will increase fuel evaporation, and the new engine is stronger. However, the new system makes the cylinder head, and the inseam rider, very hot. This, along with an exhaust valvetrain that requires frequent adjustments, causes sales to fall. The addition of a double carburetor in 1937 did not revive interest. The design was restored to its original configuration in 1938.
Like the Chief, the Four was given a large spatter and rear suspension in 1940. In 1941, the 18-inch wheels of the previous model were replaced with 16-inch wheels with balloon tires.
The Indian Four was discontinued in 1942. Recognition of the historical significance of the 1940 four-cylinder model was made with the publication of the United States postal stamps of August 2006 Edition, part of four panels entitled My American Motorcycle . The 1941 model is part of the Smithsonian Bicycle Collection that is on display at the National Museum of American History. Single examples from 1931 and 1935 Indian Fours exist in the collection of land vehicles from Old Rhinebeck Aerodrome.
World War II
During World War II, Chiefs, Scouts, and Junior Scouts were used in small quantities for various purposes by the United States Army and were also used extensively by British and other Commonwealth military services, under the Lend Lease program. However, none of the Indian models can shift the Harley-Davidson WLA as a motorcycle that is primarily used by the US military.
An early war military design by India was based on 750Ã, cc (46Ã, cuÃ, in) Scout 640 (and often compared to WLA Harley-Davidson), but too expensive or heavy, or a combination of both. The Indian offer then, the 500Ã, cc (31Ã, cuÃ, in) 741B was not chosen to get US Military contract. India also made a version based on 1,200 cc (73Ã, cuÃ, in) Chief, 344. Approximately 1,000 experimental versions mounted next to 750 cc motors and using drive shafts, such as the modern Moto Guzzi, 841, were also attempted.
841
During World War II, the US Army requested an experimental motorcycle design suitable for desert combat. In response to this demand, India designed and built 841. Around 1,056 models were built.
The Indian 841 was heavily inspired by the BMW R71 motorcycle (which, though not used by the German Army then was the basis for the Soviet M72, which was the basis for Ural and Chiangian motorcycles) like its competitor, Harley-Davidson XA. However, unlike XA, 841 is not a copy of R71. Although the tubular frame, rear plunger and rear suspension are similar to BMW's, the 841 is different from BMW in some aspects, most noticeably with the 90-degree longitudinal-crankshaft V-twin engine and the girder fork.
The Indians 841 and Harley-Davidson XA were both tested by the Army, but no motorbikes were adopted for wider military use. It was determined that Jeep is more suited to roles and missions meant for this bike.
Post-war decline and death
In 1945, a group led by Ralph B. Rogers bought the controlling interests of the company. On November 1, 1945, duPont officially changed the Indian operation to Rogers. Under Rogers' control, the Indians stopped Scout and started producing lightweight motorcycles such as 149 Arrow, Super Scout 249, both introduced in 1949, and 250 Warrior, introduced in 1950. In 1947, the Indian head-fender lamp, also known as "hat of war", was introduced. The warlit backlit bonnet is only found on the front fender of the original Indian motorcycle. The Chrome component made their debut. Traditional Indian production was severely limited in 1949, and no 1949 Head was found to exist. All manufactured products ended in 1953.
Company successor
Rebadged Royal Enfields import
Brockhouse Engineering acquired rights on behalf of India after India fell in 1953. From 1955 to 1960, they imported Royal Enfield motorcycles, adjusted slightly in the United States, and sold them as Indians. Almost all Royal Enfield models have an appropriate Indian model in the US. The models are Indian Chief, Trailblazer, Apache (three 700 cc twins), Tomahawk (twin 500 cc), Woodsman (500 cc single), Western (500 cc single), Hounds Arrow (250 cc single), Fire Arrow (250 cc single ), Lance (150Ã, cc 2-stroke single) and 3-wheeled Patrol Car (350Ã, cc single).
In 1960, the Indian name was purchased by AMC from the UK. Royal Enfield became their competitor, they suddenly stopped all India-based Enfield model except the 700 cc Head. Their plan is to sell Matchless and AJS motorcycles positioned as Indians. However, the business ended when AMC itself liquidated in 1962.
Import Floyd Clymer, 1963-1977
From the 1960s, businessman Floyd Clymer began using the Indian name, apparently without buying it from the last known legitimate trademark holder. He hooked it to an imported motorbike, assigned to former Italian pilot and engineer Leopoldo Tartarini, owner of Italjet Moto, to produce a 50 cc minirelli engine under the name Papoose India. This worked so Clymer commissioned Tartarini to build a full-size Indian motorcycle based on the Italjet Griffon design, which is equipped with a 750-cc Royal Enfield Interceptor parallel engine.
Further developments are the Indian Velo 500, limited production using single-cylinder Velocette engines and gearboxes with major Italian cycle parts, including lightweight frameworks from Italjet companies, Marzocchi front forks with Grimeca front hubs having shoe brakes twin-leading, Borrani aluminum rims and tanks and removable seats quickly, resulting in a weight savings of 45 pounds (20 kg) compared to traditional Venom Velocette.
The project ended abruptly due to Clymer's death and Velocette's failure, with 200 engines shipped to the US and 50 remaining in Italy, purchased by London's Velocette dealer Geoff Dodkin. When roadtesting, the British monthly magazine Motorcycle Sport described it as "British engineering and Italian style in a package originally intended for the American market", reported that Dodkin would provide the bike with both the engine specifications Venom standard, or, at a higher cost, Thruxton version.
After Clymer's death in 1970, his widow sold a trademark allegedly Indian to Los Angeles lawyer Alan Newman, who continued to import a small bicycle made by ItalJet, and then manufactured at a fully owned assembly plant in Taipei (Taiwan). Some models with engine displacement between 50 cc and 175 cc are produced, mostly equipped with Italian two-stroke engine made by Italjet or Franco Morini.
In 1974, Newman planned to revive large-capacity engines as the Indian 900 , using a Ducati 860Ã,® engine and commissioned Leo Tartarini from Italjet to produce prototypes. The project failed, leaving the prototype as the only survivor.
The sale of Indian Newman was reduced in 1975. The company was declared bankrupt in January 1977.
Other attempts, 1977-1999
The right to brand name goes through the succession of the owner and is the subject of competing claims in the 1980s. In 1992, Clymer's claim for a trademark had been transferred to Indian Motocycle Manufacturing Co. Inc. from Berlin, a company headed by Philip S. Zanghi.
In June 1994, in Albuquerque, New Mexico, Wayne Baughman, president of Indian Motorcycle Manufacturing Incorporated, presented, embarked, and rode a prototype Chief Indian Century V-Twin. Baughman has made a previous statement about building a new motorcycle under the Indian brand but this is his first performance with a working motorcycle.
Both Zanghi and Baughman started motorcycle production. In August 1997, Zanghi was convicted of securities fraud, tax evasion, and money laundering.
In January 1998, Eller Industries was granted permission to buy Indian copyright from the previous owner's recipient. Eller Industries hired Roush Industries to design engines for motorcycles, and negotiated with Cow Creek Band Umpqua Indian Tribe to build motorcycle factories in their tribal lands. Three renderings, each cruiser, a sports cruiser, and a sports bike, on a frame determined by suspension designer James Parker, were shown to the motorcycle press in February 1998.
Eller Industries set up the public launch of a cruise ship prototype for November 1998, but was prevented from showing the prototype by an arrest order from the recipient, who said that Eller had failed to meet his liability requirements. The contract was withdrawn after the company missed a deadline to close the deal and could not approve the receiver to extend the deadline. Other conditions, including payment of administrative costs and presentation of work prototypes, are also not met by Eller Industries. Based on this, the Federal bankruptcy court in Denver, Colorado, enables the sale of trademarks to IMCOA Licensing America Inc. in December 1998. Indian Indian Motorcycle Company of America (1999-2003)
Indian Motorcycle Company of America
Indian Motorcycle Company of America was formed from a merger of nine companies, including the manufacturer of California Motorcycle Company (CMC) and IMCOA Licensing America Inc., which was awarded Indian trademark by the Federal District Court of Colorado in 1998. The new company started producing motorcycles in 1999 at the former CMC facility in Gilroy, California. The first "Gilroy Indian" model is a new design called Chief. The Scout and Spirit model was also produced starting in 2001. The bike was originally made with an 88 cubic cubic S & amper engine, but later used a 100-cubic-inch (1,600Ã,® cc) Powerplus (bottlecap) design from 2002 to 2003. Indian Motorcycle The Corporation went bankrupt and stopped all production operations at Gilroy on September 19, 2003. Indian Indian Motorcycle Company (2006-2011) Polaris Acquisition (since 2011)
In April 2011, Polaris Industries, an off-road and recreational vehicle maker and parent company of Victory Motorcycles, announced its intention to purchase an Indian motorcycle. The Indian production facility was transferred to Spirit Lake, Iowa, where production began on August 5, 2011. In March 2013, India launched a new 111 cubic (1.82 l) "Thunder Stroke" engine, and started selling their new motorcycles design. based on August 2013.
Maps Indian Motocycle Manufacturing Company
Current production
On 3 August 2013, Polaris announced three new Indian branded motorcycles based on the traditional style of the Indian marque, along with the 111 V-twin Thunder Stroke engine. This motor has a triple-cam design with center-driven center center rotating cameras and rear cams through gear, allowing parallel placement of pushrod to give an appearance similar to older Indian designs. It is air-cooled, with a large traditional fins and airbox in cast aluminum frame. All Indians use the Thunder Stroke 111 engine sharing this aluminum frame design, although wheelbase and front end rake vary depending on the model. Integrated transmission is also driven by gears.
Since 2013, India has expanded its line up to ten models. Of these, seven models have the Thunderstroke 111 engine, while the two models use a smaller engine, liquid-cooled Scout engine. Scout has a 69.14 cu engine in (1,133.0 cm 3 ), while Scout 60 has eponymous 61 in the machine (1,000 cm 3 ).
Chief Classic (2014-)
Classic Classic heads have faded spatches and "war caps" that light up on the front fender. Roaming control, anti locking braking system, keyless start, and electronic fuel injection are standard for this and all other models. It has a six-speed transmission and a single-shock swingarm that can be adjusted manually.
Chief Vintage (2014-)
The Indian Chief Vintage shares the chassis, drivetrain, and styling chassis of the Chief Classic, and adds quick leather-brown leather, matching two-seat leather seats, additional chrome trim, quick-release windshield and six-speed transmission.
Springfield (2016-)
The Springfield was introduced in March 2016 during the Daytona Bicycle week. Named after the birthplace of Indian Motorcycles, Springfield, Massachusetts. The Springfield is a bit of a hybrid bike, sharing steering geometries and hardbags with Chieftain and RoadMaster models but equipped with a quick-release windshield like Vintage. It also offers adjustable rear air shock like other tour models.
Chieftain (2014-)
Indian Chieftain touring motorcycle is the first Indian model with front fairing and hard saddlebag. It has stereo with speakers in fairing, Bluetooth media player, tire pressure sensor, air-adjustable rear shock, and motorized windshield adjustment. Initial reports from the press are advantageous for styling, performance, and handling. The Chieftain was named 2013 Motor of the Year by RoadRunner Motor Touring & amp; Travel magazine.
Scout (2015-)
The Indian Scout was introduced in the 2014 Sturgis Motorcycle Rally as a 2015 model. The 2015 Scout is a cruiser with a 1.133 cc (69.1 cuÃ, in), V-twin camshaft double-screwed engine, and a framework formed by multiple bolted aluminum alloy castings each other and to the engine. The Indian Scout was named 2015 Motorcycle of the year by Motorcycle.com.
Scout Sixty (2016-)
Indian Scout Sixty was introduced in November 2015 as a 2016 model. Scout Sixty is a cruiser with a twin-engined 999 cc V-twin engine (61.0 Â ° cu). The new Sixty Scout has many of the same features as Scout 2014, but with a smaller 999 cc engine.
Roadmaster (2015-)
The Indian Roadmaster was introduced on the Sturgis Motorcycle Rally 2014 just before Scout. The Roadmaster is a Tribal Head with extra luggage, front fairing lowering, heated seats, heated grips, LED headlights, passenger floor boards, and rear crash bars. The Roadmaster has been developed before Chieftain. Cycle World recorded 72.4 hp (54.0 kW) @ 4,440 rpm and 102.7 × lb ft (139.2 N m) @ 2,480 rpm on the rear tire. They also recorded a 1/4 mile test of 13.91 seconds at 94.44 mph (151.99 km/h) and 0 to 60 mph (0 to 97 km/h) acceleration at 5.2 seconds, 60 to 0 mph (97 to 0Ã, km/h) 125Ã, ft (38 m) braking distances, and fuel economy 35.9 mpg -US (6.55 L/100 km; 43.1 mpg -imp ).
The Dark Horse India 2016 was introduced on Valentine's Day 2015. It is based on the Classical Head painted a flat black, with driving lights, oil cooler, analog fuel gauge, seat passengers and passenger pegs removed.
Chieftain Dark Horse (2016-)
The Indian Indian Chieftain Dark Horse was introduced in May 2016. It has a full fairing saddlebag and is loud, but lacks any other accessories on the Chieftain line. It has 119.2 lb? Ft (161.6 Â ± N? M) @ 3000 rpm and dry weight 803 lb (364 kg).
Chieftain Limited (2017--)
Indian Chieftain Limited in 2017 adds bagger styles to Chieftain. The front fenders are open to showcase the special 19 "wheels, and limited coloring schemes.This model also offers full touch-screen touchscreen display that is also used by Roadmaster.It has a top fairing with windshield power and an optional passenger seat.
Roadmaster Classic (2017-)
The Indian Roadmaster Classic 2017 was introduced in February 2017. It has a traditional brown leather bag and luggage along with heated seats, heated grips, LED headlights, passenger floor boards, and rear crash bars. It does not have a low front found on the original Roadmaster. Springfield Dark Horse (2018-)
For 2018 India offers Springfield in Dark Horse flavors. Open front fender with 19 "front wheel.
Scout Bobber (2018-)
Note the ground speed
Between 1962 and 1967, Burt Munro of New Zealand used the 1920s Scout Indians modified to arrange a number of ground speed records, as dramatized in the 2005 fastest Indian film in the World. In 2014, Indians have a similar built bridge, Spirit of Munro, to promote their new cubic 111-inch engine and challenge speed records.
Bicycle
Both Hendee and Hedstrom have built bikes before they meet, and Hendee has marketed them under the name of Silver King and Silver Queen. They continue to produce bicycles after their bikes become successful and even make bikes that are designed to resemble their bikes.
References
Further reading
External links
- MYSTERY OF YOUTH The Middletown man discovered the birthplace of the first Indian Motorcycle hidden in the Wesleyan property - Middletown Press, Middletown, Connecticut USA 8-12-2015
- Indians in Curlie (based on DMOZ)
- Indianmotorcycle.com
- Catalog of Indian Motorcycle Trade from 1915 at Hagley Digital Archives
- Army Tested Axis Driven Experimental Motorcycle , September 1942, Popular Science
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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