Boston ( Ã, ( listen ) BAWSS -t? n ) is the most populous capital and city of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in the United States. The city has an area of ​​48 square miles (124Ã, km 2 ) with an estimated population of 685,094 in 2017, making it also the most populous city in the New England region. Boston was the seat of the Suffolk administration as well, although the local government was dissolved on 1 July 1999. The city is an economic and cultural anchor of a much larger metropolitan area known as Greater Boston, a metropolitan statistical area (MSA) where it lives. a census estimated at 4.8 million people in 2016 and ranked as the tenth largest region in the country. As a combined statistical area (CSA), this larger commuter area is home to about 8.2 million people, making it the sixth largest place in the United States.
Boston is one of the oldest cities in the United States, founded in the Shawmut Peninsula in 1630 by the Puritan population of England. It was a scene from several important events of the American Revolution, such as the Boston Massacre, the Boston Tea Party, the Bunker Hill Battle, and the Siege of Boston. After US independence from the United Kingdom, it continues to be an important port and manufacturing center as well as an educational and cultural center. The city has grown beyond the native peninsula through land reclamation and city annexation. Its rich history attracts many tourists, with Faneuil Hall alone attracting more than 20 million visitors per year. Boston has many firsts, including the first public school or state in the United States (Boston Latin School, 1635), the first subway system (Tremont Street Subway, 1897), and the first public park (Boston Common, 1634).
Many colleges and universities in Boston make it an international center of education, including law, medicine, engineering, and business, and the city is considered the world leader in innovation and entrepreneurship, with nearly 2,000 startups. Boston's economic base also includes financial, professional and business services, biotechnology, information technology, and government activities. Households in the city claim the highest average level of philanthropy in the United States; businesses and institutions ranked among the top in the country for environmental sustainability and investment. The city has one of the highest living expenses in the United States because it has experienced gentrification, although it remains high on the world livability ratings.
Video Boston
History
Colonial
The earliest early European settlers were first called the Trimountaine area (after "three mountains," only traces left today) but later renamed Boston after Boston, Lincolnshire, England, as well as some prominent colonies. The name change on September 7, 1630, (Old Style) was by the Puritan colonies of England who had moved from Charlestown earlier that year in search of fresh water. Their settlements were initially confined to the Shawmut Peninsula, at that time surrounded by the Bay of Massachusetts and the Charles River and connected to the mainland by a narrow precarious. The peninsula is estimated to have been inhabited since 5000 BC.
In 1629, the first governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony, John Winthrop led the signing of the Cambridge Agreement, a principal city building document. Puritan ethics and their focus on education affect its early history; The first public school in America was founded in Boston in 1635. Over the next 130 years, the city participated in four French and Indian Wars, until England defeated France and their Indian allies in North America.
Boston was the largest city in British America until Philadelphia grew larger in the mid-18th century. Boston's proximity to the sea makes it a lively harbor, and the city is mainly engaged in shipping and fishing during its colonial past. However, Boston stagnated in the decades before the Revolution. In the mid-18th century, New York City and Philadelphia surpassed Boston's wealth. Boston is experiencing financial difficulties even when other cities in New England are growing rapidly.
Boston Revolution and Siege
Many important events of the American Revolution took place in or near Boston. Boston's tendency for mass action along with mistrust of the colonizers in England fostered a revolutionary spirit in the city. When the British government passed the Stamp Act in 1765, the Boston masses destroyed the homes of Andrew Oliver, the officer assigned to enforce the Act, and Thomas Hutchinson, who was then a Massachusetts Lieutenant Governor. Britain sent two regiments to Boston in 1768 in an effort to crush the angry colonists. This is not in accord with the colonists. In 1770, during the Boston Massacre, soldiers killed several people in response to the mafia in Boston. The colonists forced the British to withdraw their troops. The show was widely publicized and sparked a revolutionary movement in America.
In 1773, the British passed the Tea Law. Many of the colonists saw the move as an attempt to force them to receive taxes imposed by Townshend Acts. The move prompted the Boston Tea Party, where a group of rebels threw the entire delivery of tea sent by the British East India Company to Boston Harbor. The Boston Tea Party was an important event that led to the revolution, when the British government responded angrily to the Unsolateral Act, demanding compensation for tea lost from the rebels. This made the colonists increasingly angry and led to the American Revolutionary War. The war began in the area around Boston with the Battles of Lexington and Concord.
Boston itself was under siege for almost a year during the Siege of Boston, which began on April 19, 1775. The New England militia impeded the movement of the British Army. William Howe, 5th Viscount Howe, who later became commander-in-chief of British forces in North America, led British troops in the siege. On June 17, the British captured the Charlestown peninsula in Boston, during the Bunker Hill Battle. The British army was outnumbered by the militia stationed there, but it was a Pyrrhic victory for England because their army suffered a devastating victim. It was also a testament to the strength and courage of the militia, because their stubborn defense made it difficult for the British to capture Charlestown without losing many troops.
A few weeks later, George Washington took over the militia after the Continental Congress established the Continental Army to unify revolutionary efforts. Both sides face difficulties and supply shortages in the siege, and the battle is limited to small scale attacks and small battles. On March 4, 1776, Washington ordered his troops to fortify Dorchester Heights, a county in Boston. The army placed the cannons there to repel the British invasion of their territory in Boston. Washington believes that the army will be able to repel a small-scale invasion with their stronghold. Howe planned an invasion of Boston, but bad weather delayed their progress. Howe reconsidered his invasion, and decided to resign. British troops evacuated Boston on March 17, which solidified the revolutionary control of the city.
Post-revolution and War 1812
After the Revolution, the long sailing tradition in Boston helped to make it one of the richest international ports in the world, with slave, rum, fish, salt and tobacco trade being very important. Boston's port activity was significantly limited by the Embargo Act of 1807 (adopted during the Napoleonic Wars) and the War of 1812. Foreign trade returned after this hostility, but Boston traders have found alternatives to their temporary capital investment. Manufacturing became an important component of the city's economy, and municipal industrial manufacturing took over international trade in the interests of the economy in the mid-19th century. Boston remained one of the largest manufacturing centers in the country until the early 20th century, and is known for its garment industry and leather goods industry. The small river network adjacent to the city and connecting it with the surrounding area facilitates the delivery of goods and causes the proliferation of factories and factories. Later, the dense rail network has expanded the industry and trade in the region.
During this period, Boston grew culturally, too, admired for its clear-cut literary life and generous artistic support, with longtime Boston family members - eventually dubbed the Boston Brahmin - considered a social and cultural elite.
Boston was the initial port of the Atlantic triangle slave trade in the New England colony, but was soon defeated by Salem, Massachusetts and Newport, Rhode Island. Boston eventually became the center of the abolitionist movement. The city reacted strongly to the Fugitive Bond Act of 1850, which contributed to President Franklin Pierce's attempts to model Boston after the Burning Case of Anthony Burns.
In 1822, Boston residents chose to change the official name of "Boston City" to "The City of Boston", and on March 4, 1822, the Boston community received a charter incorporating the City. By the time Boston was rented as a city, the population was about 46,226, while the city's area was only 4.7 square miles (12 km 2 ).
19th century
In the 1820s, Boston's population grew rapidly, and the ethnic composition of the city changed dramatically with the first wave of European immigrants. Irish immigrants dominated the first wave of newcomers during this period, especially after the Irish Irish Famine; in 1850, about 35,000 Irish people lived in Boston. In the second half of the 19th century, the city saw more and more Irish, German, Lebanese, Syrians, French Canadians, and Russian and Polish Jews settled in the city. By the end of the 19th century, Boston's core environment had become a pocket of ethnically different immigrants. The Italians inhabit the North End, Ireland dominates South Boston and Charlestown, and the Russian Jews live in the West End. Irish and Italian immigrants brought with them Roman Catholicism. Today, Catholics form the largest religious community of Boston, and Ireland has played a major role in Boston politics since the beginning of the 20th century; Notable figures include Kennedys, Tip O'Neill, and John F. Fitzgerald.
Between 1631 and 1890, the city tripled its territory through land reclamation by filling up swamps, mud plains, and gaps between docks along the waterfront. The greatest reclamation effort occurred during the 19th century; Beginning in 1807, Beacon Hill's crown was used to fill a 50-hectare (20-hectare) grinding mill which later became the Haymarket Square area. The current State Building is located above the lower Beacon Hill. The reclamation project in the middle of the century creates an important part of the Ujung Selatan, Ujung Barat, Financial District, and Chinatown.
After a terrific fire in Boston in 1872, the workers used the rubble of a building as a garbage dump along the edge of the beach downtown. During the mid-19th century, workers filled nearly 600 hectares (2.4 km 2 ) from the Charles River swamp in west Boston along with gravel carried by trains from Needham Heights. This city annexed adjacent cities from South Boston (1804), East Boston (1836), Roxbury (1868), Dorchester (including current Matte and part of South Boston) (1870), Brighton (including Allston at present) 1874), West Roxbury (including Jamaica Plain of the present and Roslindale) (1874), Charlestown (1874), and Hyde Park (1912). Other proposals did not work for the annexation of Brookline, Cambridge, and Chelsea.
20th century
The city suffered a setback in the early to mid-20th century, as factories became old and worn and businesses moved out of the region for cheaper labor elsewhere. Boston responded by initiating various urban renewal projects, under the direction of the Boston Redevelopment Authority (BRA) established in 1957. In 1958, the BRA started a project to improve the historic environment of the West End. The massive demolition was greeted with strong public opposition.
BRA then reevaluated its approach to urban renewal in its future projects, including the development of the Government Center. In 1965, Columbia Point Health Center opened in the Dorchester neighborhood, the first Public Health Center in the United States. It largely caters to Columbia Point's adjoining public housing complex, built in 1953. The health center is still operating and rededicated in 1990 as the Geiger-Gibson Community Health Center. The Columbia Point complex itself was rebuilt and revitalized from 1984 to 1990 into a mixed housing development called Harbor Point Apartments.
In the 1970s, the city's economy has recovered after 30 years of economic crisis. A large number of tall buildings were built in the Financial District and in Back Bay Boston during this period. The explosion continued into the mid-1980s and continued after several pauses. Hospitals like Massachusetts General Hospital, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, and Brigham and Women's Hospital lead the nation in medical innovation and patient care. Schools such as Boston College, Boston University, Harvard Medical School, Tufts University School of Medicine, Northeastern University, Massachusetts Art and Design, Wentworth Institute of Technology, Berklee College of Music, and Boston Conservatory attract students to the area. Nonetheless, the city experienced a conflict beginning in 1974 about the removal of desegregation, resulting in riots and violence around public schools throughout the mid-1970s.
21st century
Boston is an intellectual, technological and political center, but has lost several important regional institutions, including losses on mergers and acquisitions of local financial institutions such as FleetBoston Financial, which was acquired by Charlotte-based Bank of America in 2004. Boston-based Jordan department store Marsh and Filene have both joined Macy's based in Cincinnati. The Boston Globe's 1993 acquisition by The New York Times was reversed in 2013 when it was sold back to Boston businessman John W. Henry. In 2016, it was announced that General Electric would move its corporate headquarters from Connecticut to the Innovation District in South Boston, joining many other companies in this rapidly growing environment.
Boston has experienced gentrification in the second half of the 20th century, with housing prices rising steeply since the 1990s. The cost of living has increased; Boston has one of the highest living expenses in the United States and is ranked the 129th most expensive city in the world in a 2011 survey in 214 cities. Despite the cost of living issues, Boston ranks high on livability ratings, ranking 36 worldwide in quality of life in 2011 in a survey of 221 major cities.
On April 15, 2013, two Chechen Islamist brothers detonated a pair of bombs near the Boston Marathon finish line, killing three people and injuring around 264.
In 2016, Boston briefly assumed an offer as a US applicant for the Summer Olympics in 2024. The offer was supported by the mayor and coalition of local business and philanthropic leaders, but eventually fell because of public opposition. The USOC then chose Los Angeles to become an American candidate with Los Angeles in the end securing the right to host the 2028 Summer Olympics.
Maps Boston
Geography
Boston has an area of ​​89.63 square miles (232.1 km 2 ) - 48.4 square miles (125.4 km 2 ) (54.0%) of land and 41.2 square miles (106.7 km 2 ) (46.0%) of water. The city's official elevation, measured at Logan International Airport, is 19 feet (5.8 m) above sea level. The highest point in Boston is Bellevue Hill at 330 feet (100 m) above sea level, and the lowest point is at sea level. Located on the Atlantic Ocean mainland, Boston is the only state capital in the United States adjacent to the ocean shoreline.
Boston's geographical center is at Roxbury. Because in the north of the center we find the Southern End. It's not to be confused with South Boston which is located east of South End. North of the South End is East Boston and southwest of East Boston is North End.
Boston is surrounded by the "Greater Boston" area and borders with the towns and towns of Winthrop, Revere, Chelsea, Everett, Somerville, Cambridge, Watertown, Newton, Brookline, Needham, Dedham, Canton, Milton, and Quincy. The Charles River separates Boston from Watertown and the majority of Cambridge, and the Boston masses from its own Charlestown neighborhood. To the east, Boston Harbor and Boston Harbor Islands National Recreation Area (which includes parts of the city, especially Calf Island, Gallops Island, Great Brewster Island, Green Island, Little Brewster Island, Little Calf Island, Long Island, Lovells Island Central Brewster, Nixes Mate, Outer Brewster Island, Rainsford Island, Shag Rocks, Spectacle Island, The Graves, and Thompson Island). Neponset River forms the boundary between Boston's southern neighborhood and the town of Quincy and the town of Milton. The Mystic River separates Charlestown from Chelsea and Everett, and Chelsea Creek and Boston Harbor separate East Boston from Boston.
Cityscapes
Nearby Areas
Boston is sometimes called the "neighborhood city" because of its many diverse subsections; The municipal Environmental Services Office has officially established 23 neighborhoods. More than two-thirds of the modern area in the outback of Boston did not exist when the city was founded. Instead, it was created through a gradual replenishment of the surrounding tidal areas for centuries, with the earth from flattening or lowering the three original hills of Boston ("Trimountain", after the name of Tremont Street) and pebbles brought by train from Needham to charge Back Bay.
The city center and its immediate surroundings consist of low-rise brick buildings (often the Federal style and the Greek Awakening) interspersed with modern heights, in the Financial District, Government Center, and South Boston. Back Bay includes many famous buildings, such as the Boston Public Library, Christian Science Center, Copley Square, Newbury Street, and two of New England's highest buildings: John Hancock Tower and Prudential Center. Near John Hancock Tower is the old John Hancock Building with its prominent brightness flare, the color that predicts the weather. Smaller commercial areas interspersed between single-family home areas and multi-family wooden/brick homes. The South End Historic District is the largest surviving Victorian-era neighborhood in the US. The geography of downtown and South Boston is heavily influenced by the Central Artery/Tunnel Project (unofficially known as "Big Excavations") that get rid of uncomfortable Central Arteries and enter new green spaces and open areas.
Climate
Under the KÃÆ'¶ppen climate classification, Boston has a hot, hot humid climate (KÃÆ'¶ppen Dfa ). Summer is usually warm and humid, while winters are cold and stormy, with periods of snow that are very frequent. Spring and fall are usually mild to mild, with conditions varying depending on wind direction and jet stream position. The prevailing wind patterns that are blowing offshore minimize the influence of the Atlantic Ocean; However, in the immediate near winter coastal areas will often see more rain than snow because the warm air is drawn from the Atlantic at times. The city lies in the transition between the USDA 6b (most of the city) and 707 (Greater Boston, Eastern and Eastern Boston) culture zones.
The hottest month is July, with an average temperature of 73.4 Â ° F (23.0 Â ° C). The coldest month is January, with an average of 29.0 Â ° F (-1.7 Â ° C). Periods exceeding 90Ã, Â ° F (32Ã, Â ° C) in summer and below freezing in winter are not uncommon but rarely extended, with about 13 and 25 days per year each seen. The most recent sub-0 Â ° C (-18 Â ° C) reading occurs on January 7, 2018, when the temperature drops to -2 Â ° F (-19 Â ° C). In addition, several decades may pass between 100 Â ° F (38 Â ° C) readings, with events such as last on July 22, 2011, when temperatures reach 103 Â ° F (39 Â ° C). The average city window for freezing temperatures is 9 November to 5 April. Official temperature records range from -18 Â ° F (-28 Â ° C) on February 9, 1934, to 104 Â ° F (40 Â ° C) on July 4, 1911; The maximum cold daily record was 2 Â ° F (-17 Â ° C) on 30 December 1917, whereas, on the contrary, the minimum minimum daily note was 83 Â ° F (28 Â ° C) on August 2, 1975.
The location of Boston beaches in the North Atlantic moderates the temperature but makes the city extremely vulnerable to the Nor'easter weather system that can produce lots of snow and rain. The city averages 43.8 inches (1,110 mm) of rainfall a year, with 43.8 inches (111 cm) of snowfall per season. The snowfall increases dramatically when one goes to the mainland away from the city (mainly north and west of the city) - away from the influence of oceanic moderation. Most snow falls from mid-November to early April, and snow is rare in May and October. There is also high year-over-year variability in snowfall; for example, winter 2011-12 sees only 9.3 inches (23.6 cm) of snow accumulation, but previous winter, the corresponding figure is 81.0 inches (2.06 m).
The fog is quite common, especially in spring and early summer. Due to the situation along the North Atlantic, the city often receives sea breezes, especially in late spring, when the water temperature is still quite cold and temperatures on the shore can be more than 20Ã, Â ° F (11Ã, Â ° C) colder than a few miles into inland, sometimes falling to an amount close to midday. Thunderstorms occur from May to September, which is sometimes severe with heavy hail, destructive winds and heavy rain. Although downtown Boston has never been attacked by a tornado, the city itself has experienced many tornado warnings. A damaging storm is more common in the north, west and northwest of the city. Boston has a relatively sunny climate for coastal cities in its latitudes, averaging over 2,300 hours of sunshine per year.
Demographics
By 2016, Boston is estimated to have 673,184 inhabitants (density of 13,841 people/sq mi, or 5,344/km 2 ) living in 272,481 housing units - a 9% population increase during 2010. The city is the densest city The third most populous US among more than half a million inhabitants. About 1.2 million people may be on the Boston border during business hours, and as many as 2 million during special events. This person's fluctuations are caused by the hundreds of thousands of suburban residents who travel to the city for work, education, health care, and special events.
In the city, the population is spread by 21.9% at age 19 and under, 14.3% from 20 to 24, 33.2% from 25 to 44, 20.4% from 45 to 64, and 10.1% aged 65 years or older. The median age was 30.8 years. For every 100 women, there are 92.0 men. For every 100 women age 18 and over, there are 89.9 men. There are 252,699 households, of which 20.4% have children under the age of 18 living in them, 25.5% are married couples living together, 16.3% have unmarried female households, and 54.0% are not family. 37.1% of all households are individual and 9.0% have a single person living alone 65 or older. The average household size was 2.26 and the average family size was 3.08. Boston has one of the largest LGBT populations in the United States.
The average household income in Boston is $ 51,739, while the average income for the family is $ 61,035. Male workers over the full year have an average income of $ 52,544 compared to $ 46,540 for full time full-time female workers. The per capita income for the city is $ 33,158. 21.4% of the population and 16.0% of families are below the poverty line. Of the total population, 28.8% of those under the age of 18 and 20.4% of those aged 65 and older live below the poverty line.
In 1950, White represented 94.7% of Boston's population. From 1950 to the end of the 20th century, the proportion of non-Hispanic whites in the city declined; in 2000, non-Hispanic whites made up 49.5% of the city's population, making the city a minority majority for the first time. However, in the 21st century, the city has experienced significant gentrification, in which rich white people have moved to previously non-white areas. In 2006, the US Census Bureau estimated that non-Hispanic whites re-formed a small majority. But by 2010, partly because of housing accidents, as well as increased efforts to make more affordable housing more available, non-whites have recovered. This may also be related to the increase in Latin American and Asian populations and further clarity surrounding US Census statistics, showing a non-Hispanic whites population of 47 percent (some reports provide slightly lower numbers).
The people of Irish descent form the largest single ethnic group in the city, making up 15.8% of the population, followed by Italy, accounting for 8.3% of the population. People of Indian and Western Caribbean descent are another sizeable group, about 6.0%, about half of whom are Haitian descendants. More than 27,000 Americans of Chinese descent made their home in the city of Boston in 2013, and the city hosts the burgeoning Chinatown, which houses the many Chinese-owned buses traveling to and from Chinatown, Manhattan in New York City. Several neighborhoods, such as the Dorchester, have accepted the influx of Vietnamese descendants in recent decades. Environments such as Jamaica Plain and Roslindale have seen more and more Americans of Dominican descent. Larger cities and regions also have a growing immigrant population of South Asians, including India's tenth largest population.
The city, especially the East Boston neighborhood, has a significant Hispanic population. In 2010, Hispanics in Boston were mostly from Puerto Rican (30,506 or 4.9% of the city's total population), Dominica (25,648 or 4.2% of the city's total population), Salvador (10,850 or 1.8% of the city's population ), Colombia (6,649 or 1.1% of the city's total population), Mexico (5,961 or 1.0% of the city's total population), and Guatemala (4,451 or 0.7% of the total urban population) of ethnic origin. Hispanics of all national origin numbered 107,917 in 2010. In Great Boston, these numbers grew significantly, with Puerto Rico totaling 175,000, Dominican 95,000, Salvador 40,000, Guatemala 31,000, Mexico 25,000, and Colombia totaling 22,000.
Demographic details by ZIP Code
Earnings
The data comes from the US Population Survey from 5 to 2020 in 2008-2012.
Religion
According to a 2014 study by the Pew Research Center, 57% of the urban population identified themselves as Christians, with 25% claiming attendance at various churches that could be considered Protestant, and 29% confessing Roman Catholic beliefs. while 33% claimed no religious affiliation. The same study says that other religions (including Judaism, Buddhism, Islam, and Hinduism) collectively account for about 10% of the population.
In 2010 the Catholic Church has the highest number of followers as a single denomination in the Boston-Cambridge-Newton Metro area, with more than two million members and 339 churches, followed by Episcopal Church with 58,000 followers in 160 churches. United Church of Christ has 55,000 members and 213 churches. UCC is the successor of the city's Puritan religious tradition. The Old Southern Church in Boston is one of the oldest trials in the United States. It was held in 1669 by dissidents of the First Church in Boston (1630). Past members include Samuel Adams, William Dawes, Benjamin Franklin, Samuel Sewall, and Phillis Wheatley. In 1773, Adams signaled from the Old South Meeting House that started the Boston Tea Party.
The city has a sizeable Jewish population with about 248,000 Jews in the Boston metro area. More than half of Jewish households in the Greater Boston area are in the town itself, Brookline, Newton, Cambridge, Somerville, or adjacent cities.
Economy
As a global city, Boston is placed among the 30 most powerful cities in the world. Covering $ 363 billion, the Greater Boston metropolitan area has the sixth largest economy in the country and the 12th largest in the world.
Boston colleges and universities have a significant impact on the regional economy. Boston attracts over 350,000 students from around the world, which contribute more than US $ 4.8 billion per year to the city economy. The schools in the area are the main employers and attract the industry to the city and the surrounding area. The city is home to a number of technology companies and is a center of biotechnology, with the Boston Milken Institute ranking as the top living science cluster in the country. Boston received the highest absolute annual funding amount from the National Institutes of Health from all cities in the United States.
The city is considered highly innovative for many reasons, including academic attendance, access to venture capital, and the presence of many high-tech companies. Route 128 and Greater Boston corridors continue to be a major center for venture capital investment, and high technology remains an important sector.
Tourism also forms the bulk of Boston's economy, with 21.2 million domestic and international visitors spending $ 8.3 billion in 2011; excluding visitors from Canada and Mexico, more than 1.4 million international tourists visit Boston in 2014, with people from China and Britain leading the list. The status of Boston as the nation's capital and also the regional home of federal agencies has made law and government a major component of the city's economy. The city is a major port along the East Coast of the United States and the oldest industrial and fishery port operated continuously in the Western Hemisphere.
The financial services industry is important for Boston, especially those involving mutual funds and insurance. In the 2017 Global Financial Center Index, Boston is ranked as the ninth most competitive financial center in the world and the fourth most competitive in the United States. Boston-based Fidelity Investments helped popularize mutual funds in 1980 and has made Boston one of the top financial centers in the United States. The city is home to Santander Bank headquarters, and Boston is the center for venture capital firms. State Street Corporation, which specializes in asset management and detention services, based in the city. Boston is a printing and publishing center - Houghton Mifflin Harcourt is headquartered inside the city, along with Bedford-St. Press Martin and Press Beacon. The Pearson PLC publishing unit also employs several hundred people in Boston. The city is home to three major convention centers - the Hynes Convention Center at Back Bay, and the Seaport World Trade Center and the Boston Convention and Exhibition Center on the edge of South Boston. General Electric Corporation announced in January 2016 its decision to move the company's global headquarters to the Port District in Boston, from Fairfield, Connecticut, cites factors including Boston's superiority in higher education. Boston is home to the headquarters of several major athletic and footwear companies including Converse, New Balance, and Reebok. The headquarters of Rockport, Puma and Wolverine World Wide, Inc. or regional offices located outside the city.
Education
Primary and secondary education
The Boston Public Schools enroll 57,000 students attending 145 schools, including the famous Boston Latin Academy, John D. O'Bryant School of Math & amp; Science, and Boston Latin School. Boston Latin School was founded in 1635 and is the oldest public high school in the US. Boston also operates the second oldest public secondary school in the United States and the oldest public primary school. System students are 40% Hispanic or Latino, 35% Black or African American, 13% White, and 9% Asian. There are private, parochial, and charter schools as well, and about 3,300 minority students attend participating suburban schools through the Metropolitan Educational Opportunity Council.
Higher education
Some of the most famous and highly rated universities in the world are located near Boston. The three universities with a major presence in the city, Harvard, MIT, and Tufts, are located outside Boston in the towns of Cambridge and Somerville, known as the Triangle of Brain Power. Harvard is the oldest institute of higher education in the country and is centered on the Charles River in Cambridge, although much of the land ownership and a large number of educational activities are in Boston. The business, health, dental and community health schools are located in the Allston and Longwood neighborhood of Boston, and Harvard has plans for an additional expansion into Allston.
The Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) is from Boston and has long been known as the "Boston Tech"; moved across the river to Cambridge in 1916. The main campus of Tufts University is located north of town in Somerville and Medford, although it locates a medical and dental school in Boston's Chinatown at Tufts Medical Center, a 451-bed academic medical institution that is home to the hospital full service for adults and Floating Hospital for Children.
Four members of the American University Association are in Greater Boston (more than any other metropolitan area): Harvard University, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston University, and Brandeis University. Furthermore, Greater Boston contains seven Highest Research Activities (R1) of the University as per the Carnegie Classification. These include, in addition to the four previously mentioned, Boston College, Northeastern University, and Tufts University. This, by a large margin, is the highest concentration of such institutions in a single metropolitan area. Hospitals, universities and research institutes in Greater Boston received more than $ 1.77 billion in grants from the National Institutes of Health in 2013, more money than other metropolitan areas of America.
Greater Boston has more than 100 colleges and universities, with 250,000 students enrolled in Boston and Cambridge alone. The city's largest private universities include Boston University (also the fourth largest city in the city), with its main campus along Commonwealth Avenue and the Southern Ujung medical campus; Northeastern University in Fenway area; Suffolk University near Beacon Hill, which includes law school and business school; and Boston College, which crosses the Boston (Brighton) -Newton border. Boston's only public university is the University of Massachusetts Boston at Columbia Point in Dorchester. Roxbury Community College and Bunker Hill Community College are the two community colleges of the city. Overall, colleges and universities in Boston employ over 42,600 people, accounting for nearly seven percent of the city's workforce.
Smaller private schools include Babson College, Bentley University, Boston Architectural College, Emmanuel College, Fisher College, MGH Institute of Health Professions, Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Simmons College, Wellesley College, Wheelock College, Wentworth Institute of Technology, New England School of Law (originally founded as the first female law school in America), and Emerson College.
The Metropolitan Boston is home to several conservatory and art schools, including University of Arts and Design Lesley University, Massachusetts College of Art, School of Fine Arts, New England Art Institute, New England School of Art and Design (Suffolk University), Longy School of Music of Bard College, and New England Conservatory (the oldest independent conservatory in the United States). Other conservations include the Boston Conservatory and the Berklee College of Music, which makes Boston an important city for jazz.
Public security
Like many major cities in America, Boston has experienced a major reduction in violent crime since the early 1990s. Boston's low crime rate since the 1990s has been credited to the Boston Police Department's collaboration with environmental groups and parish churches to prevent youth from joining gangs, as well as the involvement of the US Attorney's office and the US Attorney's Office. This helps in part because of what is touted as the "Boston Miracle". The killing in the city dropped from 152 in 1990 (to a murder rate of 26.5 per 100,000 people) to just 31 - not one of them teenagers - in 1999 (for a murder rate of 5.26 per 100,000).
In 2008, there were 62 reported murders. As of December 30, 2016, major crimes fell by seven percent and there were 46 murders compared to 40 in 2015.
Culture
Boston shares many cultural roots with the larger New England, including a non-rictive Eastern New England dialect accent known as Boston accent and regional cuisine with a great emphasis on seafood, salt and dairy products. Boston also has a collection of neologisms known as Boston slang .
In the early 1800s, William Tudor wrote that Boston was "perhaps the most perfect and certainly the best organized democracy ever-there is something so unlikely in the eternal fame of Athens that the name makes everything modern shrink from comparison but since that glorious city's time I have not known any close to so close at some point, as far as it may still come from that illustrious model. 'From here, Boston has been called "Athens of America" also a Philadelphia nickname) for literary culture, earning a reputation as "the intellectual capital of the United States."
In the nineteenth century, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Margaret Fuller, James Russell Lowell, and Henry Wadsworth Longfellow wrote in Boston. Some consider the Old Corner Book Store to be "the birthplace of American literature," the place where these writers met and where The Atlantic Monthly was first published. In 1852, the Boston Public Library was established as the first free library in the United States. Boston's literary culture continues today thanks to the city's many universities and the Boston Book Festival.
Music is given high-level civilian support in Boston. The Boston Symphony Orchestra is one of the "Big Five," the largest group of American orchestras, and the classical music magazine Gramophone calls it one of the "best in the world" orchestras. Symphony Hall (located west of Back Bay) is home to the Boston Symphony Orchestra and the associated Boston Youth Symphony Orchestra, which is the largest youth orchestra in the country, and to the Boston Pops Orchestra. British newspaper The Guardian called the Boston Symphony Hall "one of the top places for classical music in the world," adding that "Symphony Hall in Boston is a place where science is an important part of the design of the concert hall." Another concert was held at the Jordan Hall New England Conservatory. The Boston Ballet performed at the Boston Opera House. Other performing arts organizations located in this city include the Boston Lyric Opera Company, Boston Opera, Boston Baroque (the first permanent Baroque orchestra in the US), and the Handel and Haydn Society (one of the oldest choir companies in the United States). The city became the center for contemporary classical music with a number of group performances, some of which are related to city conservatories and universities. These include the Boston Modern Orchestra Project and Boston Musica Viva. Several theaters are located in or near Theater District in south Boston Common, including Cutler Majestic Theater, Citi Center for the Performing Arts, Colonial Theater, and Orpheum Theater.
There are several major annual events, such as the First Night that takes place on New Year's Eve, the Boston Early Music Festival, the annual Boston Arts Festival at Christopher Columbus Waterfront Park, the annual Boston gay pride parade and festival held in June, and the Italian summer festivities in The North End respects the Catholic saints. This city is the site of several events during the Fourth of July period. They include a week-long Harborfest celebration and a Boston Pops concert accompanied by fireworks on the banks of the Charles River.
Some of the historic sites associated with the period of the American Revolution are preserved as part of the Boston National Historical Park because of the prominent role of the city. Many are found along the Freedom Trail, which is marked by a red line of bricks embedded in the ground.
The city is also home to several art museums and galleries, including the Museum of Fine Arts and the Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum. The Institute of Contemporary Art is housed in a contemporary building designed by Diller Scofidio Renfro in Seaport District. Boston Southern Art and Design District (SoWa) and Newbury St. is the purpose of art galleries. Columbia Point is the location of the University of Massachusetts Boston, the Edward M. Kennedy Institute for the United States Senate, John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum, and the Massachusetts Archives and Commonwealth Museum. The Boston AthenÃÆ'Â|um (one of the oldest independent libraries in the United States), Boston Children's Museum, Bull & amp; The Finch Pub (whose building is known from the Cheers television show), the Science Museum, and the New England Aquarium are within the city.
Boston has been a well-known religious center from the start. The Roman Catholic archdiocese in Boston serves nearly 300 parishes and is based in the Cathedral of the Holy Cross (1875) at the Southern End, while the Massachusetts Episcopal Diocese serves less than 200 congregations, with the Church of St.. Paul (1819). ) as an episcopal chair. Unitarian Universalism has its headquarters in Beacon Hill. The Christian Scientists is headquartered in Back Bay at Mother Church (1894). The oldest church in Boston is the First Church in Boston, founded in 1630. King's Chapel was the first Anglican church in the city, founded in 1686 and transformed into Unitarianism in 1785. Other churches include Christ Church (better known as Old North Church , 1723), the oldest church building in the city, the Trinity Church (1733), Park Street (1809), Old Southern Church (1874), Jubilee Christian Church, and the Basilica and the Mother Mary Temple from Perpetual Help on Mission Hill (1878).
Environment
Pollution control
Air quality in Boston is generally very good. Between 2004-2013, there were only four days where the air was unhealthy for the general public, according to the EPA.
Some of Boston's cleaner energy facilities include Allston green district, with three ecologically compatible housing facilities. Boston also violated several affordable green housing facilities to help reduce the carbon impact of the city while simultaneously making this initiative financially available to a larger population. The Boston climate plan is updated every three years and recently modified in 2013. The legislature includes a Building Reporting and Disclosure Policy, which requires larger city buildings to disclose their annual energy and water usage statistics and to participate in the assessment energy every five years. These statistics are published by municipal authorities, thereby increasing incentives for buildings to be more environmentally conscious.
Mayor Thomas Menino introduces the Boston Whole Building Incentive that renews the cost of living in buildings that are considered energy efficient. This gives people the opportunity to find housing in an environmentally supportive environment. The main purpose of this initiative is to ask 500 Boston citizens to participate in the free energy assessment at home.
Purity and water availability
Many old buildings in certain areas of Boston are supported by piles of wood pushed into the filling area; this pile still sounds if submerged in water, but exposed to dry rot if exposed to air for a long time. Groundwater levels have decreased in many areas of the city, in part due to an increase in the amount of rainwater that is discharged directly into the gutter rather than absorbed by the soil. The Boston Groundwater Trust coordinates groundwater monitoring throughout the city through a network of public and private monitoring wells. However, Boston's drinking water supply from the Quabbin and Wachusett Reservoirs is one of the very few in a country so pure to meet the Federal Clean Water Act without filtering.
Sports
Boston has a team in four major professional sports leagues of North America plus Major League Soccer, and has won 37 championships in these leagues, by 2017. It is one of five cities (along with Chicago, Los Angeles, New York and Philadelphia) to have won the championship in all four major sports. It has been suggested that Boston is the new "TitleTown, USA", since the city's professional sports team has won ten championships since 2001: the Patriots (2001, 2003, 2004, 2014, and 2016), the Red Sox (2004, 2007, and 2013) Celtics (2008), and Bruins (2011). This love for sport has made Boston the choice of the United States Olympic Committee to bid for the Summer Olympics in 2024, but the city cites financial problems when it withdraws its bid on 27 July 2015.
Boston Red Sox, founding member of the Major League Baseball League of America in 1901, played their home game at Fenway Park, near Kenmore Square in the Fenway section of the city. Built in 1912, it is the oldest sports arena or stadium that is actively used in the United States among four professional American sports leagues, Major League Baseball, National Football League, National Basketball Association and National Hockey League. Boston was the site of the first game of the first modern World Series, in 1903. The series was played between the American Champion of Boston and the NL champion Pittsburgh Pirates. The ongoing report says that the team was known in 1903 because the "Boston Pilgrim" seemed unfounded. Boston's first professional baseball team was Red Stockings, one of the charter members of the National Association in 1871, and the National League in 1876. The team played under that name until 1883, under the name Beaneaters until 1911, and under the name Braves from 1912 until they moved to Milwaukee after the 1952 season. Since 1966 they have played in Atlanta as the Atlanta Braves.
The TD Park, formerly called FleetCenter and built to replace the old destroyed Boston Garden, is incorporated into North Station and is home to two major league teams: Boston Bruins of the National Hockey League and Boston Celtics of the National Basketball Association. The arena has 18,624 for basketball games and 17,565 for ice hockey matches. The Bruins was the first American member of the National Hockey League and the Six Original franchise. Boston Celtics is a founding member of the American Basketball Association, one of two leagues that joins to form the NBA. The Celtics have the distinction after winning more championships than any other NBA team, with seventeen.
When they played in Foxborough suburbs since 1971, the New England Patriots of the National Football League was founded in 1960 as Boston Patriots, changing their names after the move. The team won the Super Bowl after the 2001, 2003, 2004, 2014, and 2016 seasons. They shared the Gillette Stadium with the New England Revolution of Major League Soccer. Boston Breakers of Women's Professional Soccer, formed in 2009, played their home game at Dilboy Stadium in Somerville. Boston Storm League Lacrosse United Women was formed in 2015.
Areas of many colleges and universities are active in athletic colleges. Four members of the NCAA Division I play in the city - Boston College, Boston University, Harvard University, and Northeastern University. Of the four, only Boston College participates in college football at the highest level, the Football Bowl Sub-section. Harvard participates in the second highest level, the Football Championship Subdivision. The Boston Cannons of MLL played at the Harvard Stadium.
One of the city's most famous sports events is the Boston Marathon, the 26.2 mile (42.2 km) race, the world's oldest annual marathon, run on Patriots' Day in April. On April 15, 2013, two explosions killed three people and injured hundreds in the marathon. Another major annual event was Chairman Charles Regatta, which was held in October.
Parks and recreation
Boston Common, located near the Financial District and Beacon Hill, is the oldest public park in the United States. Along with the adjacent Boston Public Garden, it is part of the Emerald Necklace, a series of parks designed by Frederick Law Olmsted to circumnavigate the city. Emerald necklaces include Jamaica Pond, Boston's largest fresh water body, and Franklin Park, the largest park and home in the Franklin Park Zoo. The other main park is the Esplanade, which lies along the banks of the Charles River. The Hatch Shell, an outdoor concert venue, is located adjacent to the Charles River Esplanade. Other parks are scattered throughout the city, with main gardens and beaches located near Castle Island; in Charlestown; and along the coastline of Dorchester, South Boston, and East Boston.
The Boston park system has a national reputation. In the 2013 ParkScore ranking, the Trust for Public Land reports that Boston is tied to Sacramento and San Francisco for having the third best park system among the 50 most populous US cities. ParkScore ranked a municipal park system with a formula that analyzes the size of the city's median park, acres of parks as percent of the city area, the percentage of residents within a half-mile of the park, park service spending per population, and the number of playgrounds per 10,000 population.
Government and politics
Boston has a mighty mayor - a governing council system in which the mayor (elected every fourth year) has extensive executive powers. Marty Walsh became Mayor in January 2014, the tenure of his predecessor Thomas Menino is the longest in the city's history. Boston City Council is elected every two years; there are nine district seats, and four "at-large" seats across town. The School Committee, which oversees the Boston Public School, is appointed by the mayor.
In addition to the city government, many state commissions and authorities - including Massachusetts Conservation and Recreation Department, Boston Public Health Commission, Massachusetts Water Resources Authority (MWRA), and Massachusetts Port Authority (Massport) - play a role in the lives of the people of Boston. As the capital of Massachusetts, Boston plays a major role in state politics.
The city has several federal facilities, including John F. Kennedy Federal Office Building, Thomas P. O'Neill Jr. Building. Federal, Post Office John W. McCormack and Courthouse, Federal Reserve Bank of Boston, United States Court. Appeal for First Circuit, and US District Court for the District of Massachusetts. Both courts were placed at John Joseph Moakley United States Courthouse.
Federal, Boston is divided into two congressional districts. Three quarters of the city's north is in the 7th district, represented by Mike Capuano since 1998. The south four are in the 8th district, represented by Stephen Lynch. Both are Democrats; a Republican has not represented most of Boston in more than a century. Senior member of the United States Senate is Democrat Elizabeth Warren, first elected in 2012. United States Senate junior member is Democrat Ed Markey, elected in 2013 to replace John Kerry after Kerry's appointment and confirmation as United State Secretary of State.
The city uses an algorithm created by the Walsh administration, called CityScore, to measure the effectiveness of various city services. This score is available on public online dashboards and allows city managers in police, firefighters, schools, emergency management services, and 3-1-1 to take action and make adjustments in areas of concern.
Media
Newspapers
The Boston Globe and Boston Herald are the two major daily newspapers of the city. The city is also served by other publications such as Boston magazine , The Improper Bostonian , DigBoston , and the Boston edition Metro . Christian Science Monitor , headquartered in Boston, formerly a daily newspaper worldwide but ended up publishing a daily print edition in 2009, switched to the publication of a sustainable online and weekly magazine format. The Boston Globe also released teenage publications to the city's public high schools, called Teens in Print or TiP , written by city adolescents. and delivered quarterly in the school year.
Latino populations in the city have spawned local and regional Spanish newspapers. It includes the El Planeta (owned by former publisher Boston Phoenix ), El Mundo , and La Semana . Siglo21 , with its main office near Lawrence, was also widespread.
There are a number of weekly newspapers dedicated to the Boston neighborhood. Among them are South Boston Online, (founded in 1999) appearing in print and online media, and covering events in South Boston and the Port District.
LGBT publications serve LGBT (large-city, gay, bisexual, and transgender) LGBT populations such as The Rainbow Times , the only minority and lesbian-owned LGBT magazine. Founded in 2006, The Rainbow Times is now based in Boston, but serves all of New England.
Radio and television
Boston is the largest broadcasting market in New England, with the radio market being the 9th largest in the United States. Some major AM stations include WRKO talk radio, sports/talk station WEEI, and CBS Radio WBZ. WBZ (AM) broadcasts news radio formats. Various commercial FM radio formats serve the region, as does the NPR, WBUR and WGBH stations. College and university radio stations include WERS (Emerson), WHRB (Harvard), WUMB (UMass Boston), WMBR (MIT), WZBC (Boston College), WMFO (Tufts University), WBRS (Brandeis University), WTBU (Boston University, campus and web only), WRBB (Northeastern University) and WMLN-FM (Curry College).
Boston's DMA television, which also includes Manchester, New Hampshire, is the 8th largest in the United States. The city is served by stations representing every major American network, including WBZ-TV 4 and its sibling station WSBK-TV 38 (former CBS O & amp; O, the latter an affiliate of MyNetwork TV), WCVB-TV 5 and his brother's station WMUR- TV 9 (both ABC), WHDH 7 and its sister station WLVI 56 (former independent station, the last is a CW affiliate), WBTS-LD 8 (NBC O & amp; O); and WFXT 25 (Fox). The city is also home to the PBS WGBH-TV 2 member station, the main producer of the PBS program, which also operates WGBX 44. Spanish-language television networks, including Azteca (WFXZ-CD 24), Univision (WUNI 27), Telemundo (WNEU 60, a sister station for WBTS-LD), and UniMÃÆ'¡s (WUTF-DT 66), have presence in the region, with WNEU and WUTF serving as network owned and operated stations. Most of the television stations in the area have their transmitters in Needham and Newton near the Route 128 corridor. Six Boston television stations were brought by Canada's satellite television provider, Bell TV and by cable television providers in Canada.
Movies
The film has been created in Boston since the beginning of 1903, and continues to be a popular setting and popular site for location shooting.
Health Care
Longwood Medical and Academic Area, adjacent to Fenway district, is home to a large number of medical and research facilities, including Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Children's Hospital Boston, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Joslin Diabetes Center, and the Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences. Leading medical facilities, including Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary and Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital are located in the Beacon Hill area. St. Medical Center Elizabeth is located in Brighton Center in the city of Brighton. New England New Baptist Hospital is on Mission Hill. The city has a Veterans Medical center in the neighborhood of Jamaica Plain and West Roxbury. Boston Public Health Commission, an agency of the Massachusetts government, oversees health issues for urban dwellers. Boston EMS provides pre-hospital emergency medical services for residents and visitors.
Many Boston medical facilities are linked to universities. Facilities at Longwood Medical and Academic Area and at Massachusetts General Hospital are affiliated with Harvard Medical School. Tufts Medical Center (formerly Tufts-New England Medical Center), located in the southern part of the Chinatown neighborhood, is affiliated with Tufts University School of Medicine. Boston Medical Center, located in the South End neighborhood, is the ultimate teaching facility for Boston University School of Medicine and the largest trauma center in the Boston area; it was formed by the merger of Boston University Hospital and Boston City Hospital, which is the first city hospital in the United States.
Infrastructure
Transportation
Logan Airport, located in East Boston and operated by the Port Authority of Massachusetts (Massport), is Boston's main airport. The nearest public airport is Beverly Municipal Airport to the north, Hanscom Field to the west, and Norwood Memorial Airport to the south. Massport also operates several major facilities in Boston Harbor, including cruise terminal terminals and facilities to handle bulk cargoes and containers in South Boston, and other facilities in Charlestown and East Boston.
The streets of Downtown Boston grow organically, so they do not form a planned network, unlike in the later developed Back Bay, East Boston, South End, and South Boston. Boston is the eastern terminal I-90, which in Massachusetts operates along the Massachusetts Turnpike. The elevated portion of the Central Artery, which carries mostly through traffic in downtown Boston, was replaced with O'Neill Tunnel during Big Dig, substantially completed in early 2006.
With nearly a third of Boston's population using public transport for their trip to the office, Boston has the fifth highest level of public transport usage in the country. The city of Boston has a higher percentage of households than the average without a car. By 2015, 35.4 percent of Boston's households are short on cars, which are slightly down to 33.8 percent by 2016. The national average is 8.7 percent by 2016. Boston averages 0.94 cars per household in 2016, compared with the national average of 1.8. The Boston Bay subway system, the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority (MBTA - known as "T") operates the oldest underground rapid transit system in America, and is the fourth busiest fast transit system in the country, with 65.5 miles (105 km) tracks on four lines. MBTA also operates a busy bus network and commuter, and water transport.
Amtrak's Northeast Corridor and Chicago lines are from South Station, which serves as a major intermodal transportation hub, and stop at Back Bay. The Northeast Fast Track Corridor, which serves New York City, Washington, D.C., and points in between, also stops at Route 128 Station on the southwestern outskirts of Boston. Meanwhile, Amtrak's Downeaster service to Maine is from North Station, although there is currently no dedicated railway network between two railhubs, in addition to the "T" train line.
Nicknamed "The Walking City", Boston hosts more pedestrian commuters than any other city. Due to factors such as needs, cohesiveness and a large student population, 13 percent of the population traveled by foot, making it the highest percentage of the country's pedestrian commuters from major American cities. In 2011, the Walk Score put Boston as the third most walkable city in the United States. By 2015, the Walk Score still puts Boston as the third most accessible city
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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