McLaren Racing Limited , competing as the McLaren F1 Team , is a British Formula One team based at the McLaren Technology Center, Woking, Surrey, UK. McLaren is best known as the Formula One constructor but also competes and won the Indianapolis 500 and Canadian-American Challenge Cup (Can-Am). This team is the second oldest active team after Ferrari. They are the second most successful team in Formula One history after Ferrari, having won 182 races, 12 Driver Championships and eight Constructors Championships. This team is a wholly owned subsidiary of McLaren Technology Group.
Founded in 1963 by New Zealand's Bruce McLaren, the team won its first Grand Prix at the Belgian Grand Prix in 1968, but their greatest early success was at Can-Am, where they dominated from 1967 to 1971. Subsequently the American victory followed, with Indianapolis 500 wins in McLaren's car to Mark Donohue in 1972 and Johnny Rutherford in 1974 and 1976. After Bruce McLaren died in a test crash in 1970, Teddy Mayer took over and led the team to their first Formula One Constructors Championship of the year 1974, with Emerson Fittipaldi and James Hunt winning the Drivers' Championships in 1974 and 1976, respectively; 1974 also marks the beginning of an old sponsor by the Phillip Morris Marlboro brand of cigarettes.
In 1981, McLaren joined Ron Dennis' Project Four Racing; Dennis took over as head of the team and soon after arranging the purchase of the original shareholder of McLaren to take full control of the team. It started the era of the most successful team: with Porsche and Honda engines, Niki Lauda, ​​Alain Prost, and Ayrton Senna taking between them seven Driver Championships and the McLaren Six Constructors Championship. The combination of Prost and Senna is very dominant - together they won all but one race in 1988 - but then their rivalry worsened and Prost went to Ferrari. British teammates Williams offered the most consistent challenge during this period, both winning every constructor title between 1984 and 1994. However, in the mid-1990s, Honda had resigned from Formula One, Senna moved to Williams, and the team went three seasons without victory. With Mercedes-Benz engines, Western sponsors and former Williams designer Adrian Newey, more championships came in 1998 and 1999 with Mika HÃÆ'¤kkinen and during the 2000s the team was a consistent front runner, Lewis Hamilton took the title their last year in 2008.
Ron Dennis retired as McLaren's team principal in 2009, handing over previous roles to old McLaren employee Martin Whitmarsh. However, by the end of 2013, after the team's worst season since 2004, Whitmarsh was ousted. McLaren announced in 2013 that it will use Honda engines from 2015 onwards, replacing Mercedes-Benz. The team is competing as McLaren-Honda for the first time since 1992 at the 2015 Australian Grand Prix. In September 2017, McLaren announced that it has agreed to supply engines with Renault from 2018 to 2020.
Video McLaren
Origins
Bruce McLaren Motor Racing was founded in 1963 by New Zealanders Bruce McLaren. Bruce is a driver working for the British Formula One team, Cooper, who has won three Grand Prix and finished second in the 1960 World Championships. Want to compete in the Australasian Tasman Series, Bruce approached his master, but when team owner Charles Cooper insisted on using the machine 1.5-liter Formula One-specification than the 2.5-liter motorcycle allowed by Tasman rules, Bruce decided to set up his own team to run it and Timmy Mayer's Formula One team-mate with a specially made Cooper car.
Bruce won the 1964 series, but Mayer was killed in training for the final race at the Longford Circuit in Tasmania. When Bruce McLaren approached Teddy Mayer to help him with the purchase of Zerex sports car from Roger Penske, Teddy Mayer and Bruce McLaren began discussing a business partnership that resulted in the purchase of Teddy Mayer to Bruce McLaren Motor Racing Limited (BMMR) eventually became the largest shareholder. The team was based in Feltham in 1963-1964, and from 1965 to 1981 in Colnbrook, England. The team also holds British citizenship.
During this period, Bruce drove for his team in sports car racing in England and North America and also entered the 1965 Tasman Series with Phil Hill, but did not win it. He kept driving at the Grand Prix for Cooper, but judged that the team's form became faded, deciding to race his own car in 1966.
Maps McLaren
History of the race: Formula One
Early days (1966-1967)Bruce made his team's Grand Prix debut at the 1966 Monaco race (from the current Formula One team only the older Ferraris). His race ended after nine laps due to terminal oil leak. The 1966 car is a M2B designed by Robin Herd, but the program is hampered by a poor engine choice: a 3.0-liter version of the Indianapolis Indianapolis 500 engine and Serenissima V8 is used, the latter scored the team's first points in England, but both are less powerful and unreliable. For 1967 Bruce decided to use the British Racing Motors V12 engine (BRM), but due to a delay with the engine, was initially forced to use a modified Formula Two car called the M4B powered by a 2.1 liter BRM V8, then built but the car was slightly more big is called M5A for V12. There is no car that brings great success, the best result being the fourth in Monaco. Ford-Cosworth DFV (1968-1982) Ford-Cosworth DFV (1968-1982) Ford-Cosworth DFV (1968-1982) Ford-Cosworth DFV (1968-1982) Ford- Cosworth_DFV_engines_ (1968-1982) Ford-Cosworth DFV (1968-1982)
For 1968, after driving the only McLaren entry for the previous two years, Bruce joined the 1967 championship and fellow New Zealist Denny Hulme, who had already competed for McLaren at Can-Am. The new M7A car of the year, Herd's final design for the team, was powered by Cosworth's new engine and soon became a DFV engine everywhere (DFV will be used by McLaren until 1983) and with it great progress in the form goes on. Bruce won the Race of Champions at Brands Hatch circuit and Hulme won the International Trophy at Silverstone, both in the non-championship championship, before Bruce won the team's first championship at the Belgian Grand Prix. Hulme also won the Italian and Canadian Grand Prix at the end of the year, helping the team to second in the Constructors Championship. Using the updated 'C' version on the M7, three further podiums were followed for Bruce in 1969, but the team's fifth victory had to wait until the final race of the 1969 championship when Hulme won the Mexican Grand Prix. That year, McLaren experimented with four-wheeled vehicles on the M9A, but the car had only one trip driven by Derek Bell at the British Grand Prix; Bruce describes driving it like "trying to write your signature with someone jogging your elbow".
The 1970s started with second place respectively for Hulme and Bruce in the first two Grand Prix, but in June, Bruce was killed in an accident at Goodwood while testing the new Can-Am M8D car. After his death, Teddy Mayer took over the team's effective control; Hulme continues with Dan Gurney and Peter Gethin partnering with him. Gurney won the first two Can-Am events at Mosport and St. Jovite and finished ninth in third, but left the team in mid-season, and Gethin took over from there. While 1971 began to promise when Hulme led the opening round in South Africa before retiring with a suspended suspension, in the end Hulme, Gethin (who went for mid-season BRM,) and Jackie Oliver again failed to score victory. The 1972 season improved though: Hulme won the team's first two-and-a-half-year Grand Prix in South Africa and he and Peter Revson scored ten other podiums, the team that finished third in the Constructors' Championship. McLaren gave Jody Scheckter his debut in the Formula One race at Watkins Glen. All McLaren racers use the Ford-Cosworth engine, except for Andrea de Adamich and Nanni Galli who used the engine from Alfa Romeo in 1970.
The McLaren M23, designed by Gordon Coppuck, is the team's new car for the 1973 season. Sharing parts of the McLaren Formula One M19 and Indianapolis M16 (inspired by Lotus 72) designs, it is a mainstay for four years. Hulme won with it in Sweden and Revson took his only Grand Prix victory in his career in England and Canada. In 1974, Emerson Fittipaldi, a world champion with Lotus two years earlier, joined McLaren. Hulme, in his final campaign in Formula One, won the Argentina season opener; Fittipaldi, with victories in Brazil, Belgium and Canada, took the Racer Championship. It was a close fight for Fittipaldi, who secured the title with fourth in the final US Grand Prix of the season, placing it three points ahead of Ferrari's Clay Regazzoni. With Hulme and some of Mike Hailwood's motorcycle world champions, he also sealed McLaren's Constructors' Championship. 1975 was less successful for the team: Fittipaldi was second in the championship behind Niki Lauda. Substitute Hulme Jochen Mass took the only GP victory in Spain.
At the end of 1975, Fittipaldi went to join his Fittipaldi/Copersucar team. With the top riders who had signed contracts with other teams, Mayer turned to James Hunt, a driver considered by biographer Gerald Donaldson as "a dubious reputation". In 1976, Lauda came back strong in his Ferrari; in the midseason, he leads the championship with 56 points while Hunt has only 26 despite winning in Spain (the race from which he was initially disqualified) and France. However, at the German Grand Prix, Lauda was very tough, almost killed, and missed the next two races. The hunt is capitalized by winning four more Grand Prix giving him a three-point deficit into the final in Japan. Here it rained heavily, Lauda retired due to safety concerns, and Hunt sealed the Drivers' Championship by third place. McLaren, though, lost the Constructors' Championship to Ferrari.
In 1977, M23 was gradually replaced by M26, the final work of M23 came out to be Gilles Villeneuve's Formula One debuted with the team in a one-off appearance at the British Grand Prix. Hunt won on three occasions that year, but the combination of Lauda and Ferrari proved too strong, Hunt and McLaren managing only the fifth and third in each championship. From there, the results continue to deteriorate. Lotus and Mario Andretti grabbed the 1978 titles with 78 and 79 ground-effect cars, and Hunt or Mass Patrick Tambay's successor could not really challenge with the unrelated M26 effect. Hunt was dropped in late 1978 to support Lotus's Ronnie Peterson, but when Peterson was killed by an accident at the Italian Grand Prix, John Watson was signed, instead. No improvement occurred in 1979; The M28 Coppuck design was described by Mayer as "horrible, catastrophic" and "quite cruel" and the M29 did not change the situation much. Tambay did not score points and Watson was only 15 to put his eighth team by the end of the year.
The 1980s began in the 1970s: Alain Prost took over from Tambay but Watson and he rarely got points. Under increasing pressure since the previous year's major sponsor Philip Morris and their executive John Hogan, Mayer was forced to combine McLaren with Project Two Formula Two team Ron Dennis, who is also sponsored by Philip Morris. Dennis has a John Barnard designer who, inspired by the carbon-fiber rear wing of the BMW Four-racing race car, prepared Project Four, has an idea for an innovative Formula One chassis made from carbon fiber instead of conventional aluminum alloys. Alone, they lack the money to build it, but with the investment that came with the merger it became McLaren MP4 (then called MP4/1) in 1981, driven by Watson and Andrea de Cesaris. In MP4, Watson won the British Grand Prix and has three other podiums. Immediately after the merger, McLaren moved from Colnbrook to a new base in Woking and Dennis and Mayer initially shared the position of managing director of the company; in 1982, Mayer had gone and Tyler Alexander's and his shares were bought by the new owner.
TAG-Porsche and Honda engines (1983-1992 )
In the early 1980s, teams like Renault, Ferrari and Brabham used a 1.5-liter turbocharged engine that supports the naturally aspirated 3.0-liter engine that has been the standard since 1966. Seeing the need for their own turbo engine, in 1982, Dennis convinced Williams to support Techniques d'Avant Garde (TAG) to fund a TAG-branded turbo engine, made for the Barnard specification; TAG founder Mansour Ojjeh will become a shareholder of McLaren. Meanwhile, they continue with Cosworth engines as long-time rivals Lauda who are out of retirement to drive with Watson in the 1B development on MP4. They each won two races, Watson mainly from 17th place on the grid in Detroit, and McLaren was second in the title race for the constructors. As part of a dispute with FISA, the sporting body, they boycotted the San Marino Grand Prix. Although 1983 was not so successful, Watson managed to win again in the United States, this time from the 22nd on the grid at Long Beach.
After being fired by Renault, Prost was once again at McLaren for 1984. Now using a TAG machine, the team dominated, scoring 12 wins and two and a half times as many points of constructors as closest rivals to Ferrari. In the Racer Championship, Lauda wins the Prost by half a point, the narrowest margin ever. The McLaren-TAGs were again strong in 1985; The third Constructors Championship came their way while this time Prost won the Racer Championship. In 1986, Williams's team bounced back with Honda engines and their riders Nigel Mansell and Nelson Piquet, while in McLaren, Lauda's successor, 1982 champion Keke Rosberg could not gel with the car. Williams took the Constructors Championship, but for Prost, the wins in San Marino, Monaco, and Austria combined with the fact that the Williams rider took points from each other meant that he still had a chance to get into the final race, the Australian Grand Prix. There, a puncture for Mansell and a preventive pit stop for Piquet gave Prost a winning race and his second title, making him the first rider to win back-to-back championships since Jack Brabham in 1959 and 1960. In 1987 Barnard left for Ferrari. to be replaced by Steve Nichols (who himself joined Ferrari in 1989). In the hands of Prost and Stefan Johansson, though, Nichols MP4/3 and TAG machines can not match Williams-Honda.
For 1988, Honda transferred their supply to McLaren and, encouraged by Prost, Dennis signed Ayrton Senna to drive. Although regulation reduces the push pressure and fuel capacity (and therefore, power) of the turbo car, Honda survives with turbocharged engines. In MP4/4, Senna and Prost engage in combat throughout the season, winning 15 of 16 races (in other races at Monza, Senna has led comfortably, but collided with Jean-Louis Schlesser's rear marker). At the Portuguese Grand Prix, their relationship deteriorated as Senna squeezed Prost onto the pit wall; Prost wins, but after that he says, "It's dangerous if he wants a very world championship he can have it." Prost scored more points in that year, but as only 11 of the best results were counted, Senna took the title in the last race from behind in Japan.
The following year, with the banned turbos, Honda provided the new 3.5-L V10 engine and McLaren again won both titles with MP4/5. Their driver relationship continued to deteriorate, especially when, at the San Marino Grand Prix, Prost felt that Senna had denied a deal not to pass each other at the first corner. Believing that Honda and Dennis liked Senna, Prost announced mid-season that he would go for a Ferrari ride the following year. For the second year in a row, the Racer Championship was decided at the Japanese Grand Prix, this time in Prost's favor after Senna and he collided (Senna initially recovered and won the race, but was later disqualified).
With former McLaren Nichols and Prost (Barnard has moved to the Benetton team), Ferrari pushed the England team closer in 1990. McLaren, in turn, took on Ferrari Gerhard Berger, but like the previous two seasons, the Racer Championship was led by Prost and Senna and settled in the last race from behind in Japan. Here, Senna collided with Prost at the first corner, forcing both to retire, but this time Senna escaped punishment and took the title; McLaren also won the Constructors Championship. The year 1991 was another year for McLaren and Senna, with the Williams team reinforced by Renault as their closest challenger. In 1992, Williams, with their sophisticated FW14B car, had beaten McLaren, breaking their four-year run as champions, although the latter won four races. Ford, Lamborghini and Peugeot engines (1993-94) )
Honda withdrew from the sport in late 1992. The deal to secure the Renault engine failed, which saw McLaren switch to Ford engine customers for the 1993 season. Senna - who initially agreed only to race-by-race contracts before then signed for the whole year - won five races , including his sixth record-breaking victory at Monaco and a victory at the European Grand Prix, where he went from fifth to early on the opening lap. His teammate, 1991 IndyCar champion Michael Andretti, fared worse: he scored just seven points, and was replaced by test driver Mika HÃÆ'¤kkinen for the final three rounds of the season. Williams eventually won both titles and Senna - who had been toying with moving there for 1993 - signed with them for the 1994 season. During the 1993 season McLaren took part in the seven-part BBC Television documentary entitled A Season With McLaren .
McLaren tested the Lamborghini V12 engine ahead of the 1994 season, as part of a prospective deal with Lamborghini Chrysler owner, before finally deciding to use the Peugeot engine. Thus supported, MP4/9 was driven by HÃÆ'¤kkinen and Martin Brundle, but no winning results, and Peugeot was dropped after a year supporting Mercedes-Benz, Ilmor branded engines.
Mercedes-Benz Partnership (1995-2014)
The alliance with Mercedes is slow: the 1995 MP4/10 car was not a front runner and Brundle's replacement, former champion Nigel Mansell, was unable to get into the car initially and depart after just two races, with Mark Blundell replacing him.
While Williams dominated in 1996, McLaren, now with David Coulthard with HÃÆ'¤kkinen, went third in a row without a win. In 1997, however, Coulthard decided to run this by winning the Australian Grand Prix opening of the season; HÃÆ'¤kkinen and he will each win another race before the end of the season, and highly rated designer Adrian Newey joined the team from Williams in August of that year. Although the speed of the car is increasing, it can not reliably prove costly throughout the season, with retirement in the British Grand Prix and Luxembourg going on while HÃÆ'¤kkinen is ahead.
1998-2006
With Newey able to take advantage of the new technical regulations for 1998, and with Williams losing their Renault engine work, McLaren was once again capable of challenging for the championship; F1 Racing Magazine stated that the only way to increase their championship expectations is to recruit double champion Ferrari Michael Schumacher. HÃÆ'¤kkinen and Coulthard won five of the first six races despite banning the team's "brake steer" system, allowing the rear brakes to be operated individually to reduce the understeer, after protests by Ferrari in the second race in Brazil. Schumacher and Ferrari gave the biggest competition, which previously leveled on points with HÃÆ'¤kkinen with two races to go, but won for HÃÆ'¤kkinen in Luxembourg and the Japanese Grand Prix gave him the Driver Championship and Constructors Championship of McLaren. HÃÆ'¤kkinen won the second Driver Championship the following season, but due to a combination of driver error and mechanical failure, the team lost the constructors' title to Ferrari.
The year 2000 is not a repetition of recent successes: McLaren won seven races in a close-range fight with Ferrari, but Ferrari and Schumacher eventually won in both competitions. This marked the start of a setback in form when Ferrari cemented their position in the head of Formula One. In 2001, HÃÆ'¤kkinen was defeated by Coulthard for the first time since 1997 and retired (ending the longest racer partnership ever), the place was taken by Kimi RÃÆ'¤ikkÃÆ'¶nen, then in 2002, Coulthard earned their solitary victory in Monaco Ferrari repeated McLaren's 1988 achievement of 15 wins in a single season.
The year 2003 started with great promise, with one win apiece for Coulthard and RÃÆ'¤ikkÃÆ'¶nen in the first two Grand Prix. However, they were hampered when the MP4-18 cars designed for that year underwent crash tests and reliability issues, forcing them to use the MP4-17 'D' development. Nevertheless, RÃÆ'¤ikkÃÆ'¶nen scored points consistently and was challenged for the championship until the last race, eventually losing by two points. The team started in 2004 with MP4-19, which technical director Adrian Newey described as "a debugged version of [MP4-18]". It was not a success, though, and was replaced mid-season by MP4-19B. With this, RÃÆ'¤ikkÃÆ'¶nen scored the team's goal and his only win of the year in the Belgian Grand Prix, when McLaren finished fifth in the Constructors Championship, their worst rank since 1983.
Coulthard left for Red Bull Racing in 2005 to be replaced by former CART champion Juan Pablo Montoya for what was McLaren's most successful season in years as he and RÃÆ'¤ikkÃÆ'¶nen won ten races. However, the unreliable MP4-20 cost a number of race wins when RÃÆ'¤ikkÃÆ'¶nen has taken the lead or in a fight to win enabling Renault and their driver Fernando Alonso to utilize and win both titles.
In 2006, the team failed to build on a good form last year as superior reliability and speed Ferraris and Renaults prevented the team from winning for the first time in a decade. Montoya split fiercely with the team for the race at NASCAR after the US Grand Prix, where he bumped into RÃÆ'¤ikkÃÆ'¶nen at the start; test driver Pedro de la Rosa is represented for the remainder of the season. The team also lost RÃÆ'¤ikkÃÆ'¶nen to Ferrari at the end of the year.
Steve Matchett argues that McLaren's poor reliability in 2006 and in previous years is due to the lack of team continuity and stability. An example of the instability mentioned was the logistical challenges associated with a move to McLaren Technology Center, a step by which Adair Newey was canceled to Jaguar and then moved to Red Bull, the next step from Newey's deputy to Red Bull, and personnel changed at Ilmor.
2007-2014
The 2007 season had Fernando Alonso, who had contracted over a year earlier, racing alongside Formula One debutants and old McLaren protege Lewis Hamilton. The pair scored four wins each and led Championship Racers for much of the year, but tensions appeared inside the team, some commentators claimed that Alonso was unable to overcome Hamilton's competitiveness. At the Hungarian Grand Prix, Alonso was judged to have deliberately impeded his team-mates during qualifying, so the team was not allowed to score Constructors points at the event. Indeed, McLaren's internal agreement stated that the driver will have additional laps for qualifying, which Lewis Hamilton refused to accept the Hungarian Grand Prix, explaining Alonso's decision. Furthermore, the McLaren team was investigated by the FIA ​​for having a detailed technical blueprint of the Ferrari car - the so-called "Spygate" controversy. At the first trial, McLaren's management consistently denied all knowledge, blaming a "rogue engineer". However, in the final trial, McLaren was found guilty and the team was expelled from the Constructors Championship and fined $ 100 million. The drivers were allowed to continue without penalty, and while Hamilton led the Drivers Championship to the final race in Brazil, RÃÆ'¤kkÆ'¶¶nen at Ferrari won the race and the Drivers' Championship, one point ahead of both McLaren drivers. In November, Alonso and McLaren agreed to terminate their contract with mutual consent, Heikki Kovalainen filling empty seats with Hamilton.
In 2008, a close battle ensued between Hamilton and Ferraris Felipe Massa and RÃÆ'¤ikkÃÆ'¶nen; Hamilton won five times and although he also crossed the finish line first in the Belgian Grand Prix, he was considered to have gained an illegal advantage by cutting the chicane during overtake and controversially downgraded to third. Entering the final race in Brazil, Hamilton winning seven points over Massa. Massa won there, but Hamilton dramatically clinched his first Driver Championship by moving to the fifth required position in the final corner of the last lap of the race. Despite winning his first Grand Prix in Hungary, Kovalainen finished the season just seventh in the overall standings, allowing Ferrari to take the constructors' title.
Before the start of the 2009 season, Dennis retired as head of the team, handing responsibility to Martin Whitmarsh, but the year started badly: the MP4-24 car did not match the pace and the team was given a three-race ban for misleading minions at the Australian and Malaysian Grand Prix. Despite this initial problem, a late awakening made Hamilton win at the Hungarian Grand Prix and Singapore. McLaren signed the champion that year, Jenson Button, to replace Kovalainen with Hamilton in 2010.
Button won twice (in Australia and China) and Hamilton three times (in Turkey, Canada, and Belgium), but they and McLaren failed to win their respective championships, the MP4-25 years were largely over RB6 Red Bull.
Hamilton and Button stayed with the team until 2011, with Hamilton winning three races - China, Germany and Abu Dhabi and Button also winning three races - Canada, Hungary and Japan. Button completed the drivers' Championship in second place with 270 points behind 2011's Sebastian Vettel of Red Bull Racing, ahead of Hamilton with 227 points. McLaren finished second in the Constructors' Championship to Red Bull Racing.
In 2012, McLaren won the first race of the year in Australia with a 1-3 finish for Button and Hamilton, while Hamilton went on to win in Canada, but with a mid-way mark this season in the team home race at Silverstone, McLaren's cars only managed to occupy the eighth (Hamilton) and 10th place (Button), while the Drivers and Constructors Championship was dominated by Red Bull Racing and Ferrari, whose car occupied the first four places of the British Grand Prix, this was in part due to pit stop problems and loss of form buttons after not working also with a new car as Hamilton and the car did not adapt to Pirelli tires. The car is also experiencing reliability problems that make the team and its drivers have many potential points, especially in Singapore and Abu Dhabi, where Hamilton leads from the front in both races.
Sergio PÃÆ' Â © rez replaces Hamilton for 2013, after Hamilton decided to leave for Mercedes. The team car for the season, MP4-28, was launched on January 31, 2013. This car is struggling to compete with other top teams and that season McLaren failed to produce the podium for the first time since 1980.
Kevin Magnussen replaces PÃÂÂ © rez for 2014, and Ron Dennis, who has remained since retiring from the lead role of the team, returns as CEO of the operation. McLaren is the first team to officially launch their 2014 car, MP4-29, revealed on January 24, 2014. They have 2014 which is largely unsuccessful; their best result is in Australia where - after Daniel Ricciardo disqualifies from second place - Magnussen finished second and Button third. Button then finished fourth in Canada, England and Russia. Their highest grid position is in England with third position Button on the grid.
Return to Honda power (2015-2017)
For 2015, McLaren ended their engine deal with Mercedes and renewed their historical partnership with Honda. After a long period, the team announced Fernando Alonso and Jenson Button as their drivers, with Kevin Magnussen demoted to test the driver. During pre-season testing at Circuit de Barcelona-Catalunya in February, Alonso suffered a concussion and, as a result, Kevin Magnussen succeeded him for the opening of the Australian Grand Prix season in March. In the inaugural race for the new partnership, the Honda Button car powered twice and ended last, it became the longest task McLaren-Honda ran into that date. Following a very unreliable and startling suggestion that Honda's engine was less powerful than its rivals, a steady improvement in performance eventually resulted in Button scoring McLaren-Honda's first points (four) at the 2015 Monaco Grand Prix, the team's sixth race. Instead, Alonso scored his first three races in the 2011 British Grand Prix. The Hungarian Grand Prix 2015, which is the 350th Honda race as a machine supplier, became the first time the new partnership scored a double point (with Alonso and Button finishing fifth and ninth , each). However, at the Belgian Grand Prix McLaren was given a 105-place grid punishment to change the power unit components. The team finished ninth in the constructors' standings marking the worst point of McLaren finished since 1980.
McLaren maintaining their mate Alonso-Button for the 2016 season Honda's second year of the partnership that is updated much more promising than the first with McLaren capable of challenging for the top 10 positions a more regular basis, while still bringing Honda Power Units are underpowered. However, the season starts with a big crash at the 2016 Australian Grand Prix where Fernando Alonso suffered broken ribs and a collapsed lung after colliding with Esteban GutiÃÆ' Â © rrez and somersaults into the crash barriers. Alonso, as a result of his injuries was forced to miss the second round of the Championship, Bahrain Grand Prix 2016 and replaced by reserve driver Stoffel Vandoorne. Vandoorne produced an impressive performance in his first race to score first team points with 10th place. The next point for McLaren came at the 2016 Russian Grand Prix with Alonso and Button finishing sixth and 10th respectively. Rain affects 2016 Monaco Grand Prix is ​​one of the best races of the season for the team. Alonso finished fifth after defending Nico Rosberg Mercedes behind him for 46 laps, while Button scored two points with a ninth. At the 2016 Austrian Grand Prix, Button recorded his best result of the season with sixth place after third qualifying in a wet/dry session. After a disappointing showing at their home race, the British Grand Prix at Silverstone in 2016, the team scored points in the next three rounds with six points in Hungary, four in Germany and six points again thanks to an impressive seventh outcome of the Belgian Grand Prix Alonso in 2016. In United States 2016 Grand Prix, McLaren match their Monaco result with 12 points after the attacking race from Alonso saw him claim the fifth position while Button once again ended in ninth. After a season of significant progress compared to 2015, Alonso and Button finished the championship in 10th and 15th positions each with the team ending the season in sixth place in the Constructors Championship with 76 points. On September 3, 2016 Jenson Button announced he would take a sabbatical from Formula One for the 2017 season He then reiterated on November 25 that he would retire from F1 altogether by Vandoorne into new teammate Alonso for 2017.
In February 2017, McLaren signed Lando Norris to their Young Driver Program.
Alonso did not take part in the 2017 Monaco Grand Prix as he participated in the Indianapolis 500. In contrast Jenson Button returned for the race one as his replacement.
On September 15, 2017, McLaren confirmed that they will end their partnership with Honda at the end of the 2017 season and use the engines provided by Renault. The team boss, ÃÆ' â € ° ric Boullier, described the poor performance on track between 2015 and 2017 as "the right disaster" for team credibility.
Renault Engine (2018-present)
McLaren announced during the 2017 Singapore Grand Prix weekend that they will split from Honda's engine supplier at the end of the 2017 season, and have agreed a three-year deal to be awarded by Renault. 2018 will be the first season in McLaren's history that their car is powered by a Renault engine. McLaren also announced that Fernando Alonso and Stoffel Vandoorne will remain with the team for the 2018 season. On November 6, 2017, the team announced that Lando Norris will be the test racer and reserve team.
At the opening of the Australian Grand Prix season Fernando Alonso scored the team's best goal since the Monaco Grand Prix 2016 with a fifth, Alonso said that the team's target is Red Bull Racing.
Race history: more series
Can-Am
McLaren's first racing car is Group 7 M1Ã, - with a small Chevrolet engine block in a modified Elva chassis. The car drove in North America and Europe in 1963 and 1964 at various G7 Championship events and the United States Road Racing Championship. For the Can-Am Series, which began in 1966, McLaren created the M3 driven by Bruce and Chris Amon - customer cars also appeared in a number of races in the 1966 season. With the M3, they led two races but did not score, and the title was taken by John Surtees in Lola T70. The following year, Robin Herd aims at designing a Chevrolet V8-powered M6A, a delay with the Formula One program that allows teams to spend more resources to develop the Can-Am car that is the first car painted in the orange McLaren. With Denny Hulme now partnering with Bruce, they won five of six races and Bruce won the championship, setting the pattern for the next four years. In 1968, they used a new car, the M8, to win four races; non-works McLarens took the other two, but this time Hulme won overall. In 1969, McLaren's dominance became total as they won all 11 races with the M8B; Hulme won five, and Bruce won a six and Championship Racer. From 1969 onwards, McLaren M12 - a "variant" customer of the M8 - was driven by a number of immigrants, including a modified version by Jim Hall of Chaparral fame. McLaren's success at Can-Am brings financial rewards, both prize money and money from car sales to other teams, who help support the team and fund the newly started and relatively inexpensive Formula One program.
When Bruce died in a M8D trial in 1970, he was originally replaced by Dan Gurney, then by Peter Gethin. They won two and one race, respectively, while Hulme won six on the way to the championship. Private teams that compete in the 1970 Can-Am series include the older M3B as well as the M12 - the customer version of the M8B team. In 1971, the team held back the challenge of 1969 world champion Jackie Stewart in Lola T260, winning eight races, with Peter Revson taking the title. Hulme also won three Can-Am races in 1972, but the McLaren M20 was defeated by Porsche 917/10s from Mark Donohue and George Follmer. Faced by a larger resource than Porsche, McLaren decided to leave Can-Am in late 1972 and focus only on open-wheel racing. When the original Can-Am series stopped at the end of 1974, McLaren was by far the most successful constructor with 43 wins.
Indianapolis 500
McLaren first won the Indianapolis 500 United States Club (USAC) race in 1970, driven by their tire supplier Goodyear, who wanted to break the Firestone competition with his grip on the event. With the M15 car, Bruce, Chris Amon, and Denny Hulme enter, but after Amon resigned and Hulme was badly injured at hand in an incident in practice, Peter Revson and Carl Williams took their place in the race to retire and finish seventh,. The team also competed for some of the more prestigious races in the USAC championship that year, as they would do in the following years. For 1971 they had a new car, the M16, which driver Mark Donohue said "... obsolete every other car on the line..." In that year's Indianapolis 500, Revson qualified at the pole and finished second, while in 1972, Donohue won on the M16B of Privateer Team Penske. The 1973 event has Johnny Rutherford joining the team; he qualified on the pole, but finished ninth, Revson was knocked out. McLaren won their first Indianapolis 500 in 1974 with Rutherford. The combination of McLaren and Rutherford was second in 1975 and won again in 1976. The development of the M16 was used during this period until the new M24 car was introduced in 1977. The team did not reproduce their recent success in Indianapolis in 1977, 1978, or 1979, and although they continued to win other USAC races, in late 1979, they decided to end their involvement.
On April 12, 2017, McLaren revealed that they will be participating in the Indianapolis 500 2017 with their current Formula 1 rider Fernando Alonso on the wheels of an Andretti Autosport IndyCar car powered by Honda. In qualifying, Alonso secures the second row starting from fifth. During the race, Alonso led 27 laps and was a strong contender for his first early Indy 500 victory. With 21 laps left Alonso ran seventh when his Honda engine failed. He was classified 24. After retiring, he received a standing ovation from the stands. Alonso was praised for his strong debut.
Car customers
In addition to cars driven by work teams, various McLaren racing cars have also been used by the customer team. In its formative years, McLaren built Formula Two, hillclimbing, Formula 5000, and sports racing cars sold to customers. Less capacity to build the desired number, Trojans subcontracted to build some of them. At Can-Am, Trojan builds customer versions of M6 and M8 cars and used cars are sold to privateers when new models arrive; half field is McLarens in several races. Author Mark Hughes says, "more than 220" McLarens built by Trojan. In the USAC and Formula One competitions, many teams were using McLaren during the late 1960s and 1970s. A 1972 M8F was rebuilt as a C8 for use in Group C racing in 1982, but had little success.
In the mid-1990s, McLaren Racing's sister company McLaren Cars (now McLaren Automotive) built their F1 racing car version, the F1 GTR that won the 24 Hour Le Mans in 1995 and 1995 and 1996 BPR Global GT Series. Recently, a GT3 version of their new MP4-12C road car was announced, and will be incorporated by CRS Racing in the FIA ​​GT3 European Championship.
Characteristics
McLaren Racing is part of the McLaren Group that includes five other related companies; in 2009 the Group is said to have employees "more than 1300". Since 2004 the team has been based at McLaren Technology Center in Woking, England. Facilities there include wind tunnels and driving simulators that are said to be the most sophisticated in the sport world. The Mercedes engine was built by the Mercedes AMG High Performance Powertrains (previously Mercedes-Ilmor) car manufacturer in Brixworth, Northamptonshire. Honda replaces Mercedes as a McLaren engine supplier from the 2015 season.
Ownership and management
Founded in 1963 by New Zealand citizen Bruce McLaren. After Bruce McLaren died in a test crash in 1970, Teddy Mayer took over the team. In 1981, McLaren joined Ron Dennis' Project Four Racing; Dennis took over as head of the team and soon after arranging the purchase of the original shareholder of McLaren to take full control of the team.
Ron Dennis is chairman of the Group - the role from which he resigned in 2009 before taking it back a year later. He was also the principal from 1980 to 2009. Martin Whitmarsh assumed the role of team leader from 2009 to 2013. Dennis then took off the team's position; ÃÆ' â € ° ric Boullier named director of racing in January 2014, became responsible for the F1 team.
On January 16, 2014 it was announced that Ron Dennis had returned to the role of CEO of the McLaren Group, incorporating his current role as Chairman of McLaren Group.
On November 21, 2016 Zak Brown was announced as the new executive director of McLaren Technology Group after Ron Dennis was forced out. Instead of directly replacing Dennis as CEO, Brown will report directly to the group's Executive Committee. Both Jonathan Neale (chief operating officer) and Brown will jointly lead the business as part of the first step in the Group transition to a new organizational structure.
On April 10, 2018, Zak Brown became CEO of McLaren Racing, as part of an operational restructuring of the McLaren Group. Under the new management structure, race director Eric Boullier will report directly to Brown.
McLaren Racing Limited is a wholly owned subsidiary of McLaren Group. In 2000, the parent company of Mercedes, Daimler (later DaimlerChrysler) bought 40% of the McLaren Group, which they maintained until 2009 when they bought the Brawn team that won the championship and started selling their McLaren stock.
In June 2018, the Mumtalakat royal investment firm of Bahrain's royal family owns 56% of McLaren Group, Mansour Ojjeh (TAG Group) owns 14%, Michael Latifi owns 10% and minority shareholders owns the rest.
Politics
McLaren has an uncomfortable relationship with the governing body of Formula One, the FIA, and its predecessor FISA, as well as with commercial sports rights holders. In the early 1980s, McLaren was involved, along with other teams from the Formula One Constructors Association, in a sports control dispute with FISA and teams of Alfa Romeo, Renault and Ferrari car manufacturers. This is known as the FISA-FOCA war and has an endangered breakaway series, FISA rejects one race sanction, and another race boycotted by FOCA. It was finally settled by a revenue-sharing deal called the Concorde Agreement. The Concorde Agreement was subsequently signed in 1987 and 1992, but in 1996, McLaren again became one of the disputing teams on the terms of the new agreement, this time with former president of Formula One Organization and Administration Bernhard Ecclestone. McLaren rejected the Concorde Agreement in 1997 before signing a new 10-year agreement in 1998. Arguments on commercial structure and regulation in sport resumed in the mid-2000s with McLaren and their part owner Mercedes again among teams threatening to start rivals. series until 2009 when the other Concorde Agreement, valid until the end of 2012, is finalized. In 2007, McLaren was involved in espionage controversy after their main designer Mike Coughlan obtained secret technical information from Ferrari. McLaren was expelled from the Constructors Championship and fined US $ 100 million. Sponsors, naming and livery
The Formula One McLaren team was originally named Bruce McLaren Motor Racing, and for the first season they ran a white and green car, which emerged as a result of a deal with the filmmaker Grand Prix .
Between 1968 and 1971, the team used the orange design, which also applied to cars competing in the Indianapolis 500 and Can-Am series, and was used as a temporary testing livery in subsequent years.
In 1968, the Royal Automobile Club and FÃÆ' Â © dation Internationale de l'Automobile loosened the rules regarding the commercial sponsorship of Formula One cars, and in 1972, the cosmetics company Yardley of London became the first sponsor of the McLaren title, and the livery was changed to a predominantly color white to reflect the color of the sponsor. This changed in 1974, when Philip Morris joined as a title sponsor through their Marlboro cigarette brand, while one car continued to run - as if by a separate team - with Yardley livery for this year. The red-and-white Marlboro branding lasted until 1996, during which time the team went by various names combining the word "Marlboro", making it the longest Formula One sponsor of the time (now exceeded by the Hugo Boss team sponsor, which runs from 1981 to 2014).
In 1997, Philip Morris parted ways with McLaren, moving to Ferrari, instead. The Marlboro sponsors were replaced by West Reemtsma brand cigarettes, with teams entering the name "West McLaren Mercedes", and adopting silver and black livery.
In mid-2005, EU directives banned tobacco advertising in sports, which forced McLaren to end its relationship with the West. In 2006, the team competed without title sponsor, signed under the name "Tim McLaren Mercedes". McLaren changed their livery to introduce red into the design, and turned the silver into chrome.
In 2007, McLaren signed a seven-year contract with Vodafone telecommunications company, and came to be known as "Vodafone McLaren Mercedes". This arrangement will last until 2014, although the team announced at the 2013 Australian Grand Prix that their partnership will expire at the end of the 2013 season. Despite explaining the decision to conclude sponsorship as a result of Vodafone's desire to reconsider its commercial opportunity, it was reported that the decision to run Grand The Bahraini Prix 2012 apart from ongoing civil uprisings and protests against the race, and Vodafone's inability to remove their logos from McLaren cars during the race as key factors in the decision to end the sponsorship. John Asie Walker's wholly owned Johnage Walker, an associate sponsor since 2005, offered to take over as title sponsor by the end of 2013, but their bid of £ 43m was rejected by McLaren chairman Ron Dennis, who believed it was "too small."
By the end of 2015, it was announced that McLaren will lose TAG Heuer sponsorship to Red Bull Racing. Head of McLaren Ron Dennis later admitted to falling with TAG Heuer CEO Jean-Claude Biver.
In 2015 McLaren without title sponsor, and will lose more than 20 million pounds in sponsorship in 2016.
From 2015 to 2017, for 3 years running with Honda, they competed under the name "McLaren Honda".
From 2018 they will compete under the name "McLaren".
The McLaren car was originally named with the letter M followed by a number, sometimes also followed by a letter indicating the model. After the 1981 merger with Project Four, the cars were called "MP4/x", or since 2001 "MP4-x", where x is the generation of chassis (eg MP4/1, MP4-22). "MP4" originally stood for " M arlboro P whiz 4 ", so the full title of the cars (McLaren MP4/x) is reflected not only the team's historical name, but also the names of the team's main sponsors and parts of the new component. Since the title sponsor changes in 1997, "MP4" is said to " M cLaren P roject 4 ". Starting in 2017, after Ron Dennis's exit from the team, the car naming scheme changed to "MCL" followed by a number. The color scheme also turns orange and black to reflect the corporate colors of McLaren and their original hue.
McLaren Young Driver's Program
As of 22 February 2017, the following drivers are part of the McLaren Young Driver Program:
World Formula One Championship Results
- Percentage of Constructors Championship wins: 15.4%
- Driver winning winner percentage: 23.1%
- Win percentage: 21.9%
Champion Racers
Seven riders have won a total of twelve Championship Racers with McLaren:
- Emerson Fittipaldi (1974)
- James Hunt (1976)
- Niki Lauda (1984)
- Alain Prost (1985, 1986, 1989)
- Ayrton Senna (1988, 1990, 1991)
- Mika HÃÆ'¤kkinen (1998, 1999)
- Lewis Hamilton (2008)
Footnote
References
Footnote
Quote
Bibliography
External links
- Official website
Source of the article : Wikipedia
0 Comments