Guantanamo Bay Navy Base (Spanish: Naval de la Baha de Guantà £ o) ), officially known as Guantanamo Bay Naval Station or NSGB (also called GTMO because it stands for Guantanamo or Gitmo
Since 2002, the naval base has contained military prisons, the Guantanamo Bay detention camp, for alleged unlawful fighters captured in Afghanistan, Iraq and elsewhere during the War on Terror. Cases of torture against inmates, and their alleged refusal of protection under the Geneva Conventions, have been internationally condemned.
Video Guantanamo Bay Naval Base
Units and commands
Residence unit
- Headquarters, Guantanamo Bay Naval Station
- Customer Service Desk (CSD)
- Combined Guantanamo Duty Group
- Headquarters, Guantanamo JTF
- Shared Collective Group
- Combined Intelligence Group
- Joint Medical Group
- Company Naval Security Corps
- Naval Computer and Telecommunications Area Master Station Atlantic Detectives Guantanamo Bay
- Guantanamo Bay Navy Hospital
- Navy Supply
- Naval Security Force
- SEABEE Detachment
- US. Guantanamo Bay Coast Guard Aviation Detachment
- US. Guantanamo Bay Guantanamo Bay Marine Security Detachment
Assigned units
- Fleet Composite Squadron Ten (VC-10) (1965-1993)
- US. The Corps Navy Defense Forces (GDF) (1977-2009)
- Sea Security Group Activity (Company L) (1966-2001)
- Shore Intermediate Maintenance Activity (SIMA) (1903-1995)
- Fleet Training Group (FTG) (1943-1995)
Subcontracted boat
- YC 1639 (open brighter)
- Leeward (YFB-92) (ferry)
- Windward (YFB-93) (ferry)
- YON 258 (non-self propelled fuel barge)
- USSÃ, Wanamassa Ã, (YTB-820) (Tug Great Harbor)
- LCU 1671 and MK-8: landing craft is used as an alternative ferry for transportation to areas not accessible by major ferries and to move dangerous cargo.
- GTMO-5, GTMO-6, and GTMO-7 (50-foot utility vessels): used for personnel transport during non-ferry hours.
Civilian contractor
In addition to the soldiers, the base also houses a large number of civilian contractors working for the military. Many of these contractors are migrant workers from Jamaica and the Philippines, and are estimated to be 40% of the base population.
The main contractors working on NSGB already include the following:
- KBR
- Included Satellite Communication System
- Centerra
- EMCOR
- Islands Mechanical Contractor
- Construction Management Munila
- RQ Construction
Maps Guantanamo Bay Naval Base
History
Spanish colonial era
The area around Guantanamo Bay was initially inhabited by Taà ± o people. On April 30, 1494, Christopher Columbus, on the second voyage, arrived and spent the night. The place where Columbus landed is now known as Fisherman's Point. Columbus declared the bay of Puerto Grande . The Gulf and the surrounding area were under British control during the Jenkins Ear War. Before the British occupation, the bay was referred to as Walthenham Harbor . England was renamed Cumberland Bay . Britain withdrew from the area after a failed attempt to march into Santiago de Cuba.
Guantanamo_Bay_during_the_Spanish.E2.80.93American_War "> Guantanamo Bay during the Spanish-American War
During the Spanish-American War, the US fleet attacked Santiago securing the port of Guantanamo for protection during the hurricane season of 1898. The Marines landed at Guantanamo Bay with the support of the navy, and American and Cuban troops defeated the surviving Spanish troops. The war ended with the Paris Treaty of 1898, in which Spain officially relinquished control of Cuba. Although the war is over, the United States maintains a strong military presence on the island. In 1901 the United States government authorized the Platt Amendment as part of the Army Rule of Designation. Section VII of this amendment is read
That in order to enable the United States to maintain Cuban independence, and to protect its people, as well as for its own defense, the Cuban government will sell or lease to US lands necessary to connect or naval stations at certain points to be agreed with the President United States of America
Following initial resistance by the Constitution of the Cuban Constitution, the Platt Amendment was incorporated into the Constitution of the Cuban Republic in 1901. The Constitution came into force in 1902, and land for the naval base at Guantanamo Bay was granted to the United States the following year..
USS Monongahela (1862), an old warship that served as a warehouse in Guantanamo Bay, Cuba until it was completely destroyed by fire on March 17, 1908. A 4-inch weapon was rescued from its wreckage and on display at Naval Station. Since the gun was flawed by the heat from the fire, it was dubbed "Old Droopy". The gun was on display at Deer Point until the order was discarded, judging his appearance to be less than an example of a naval cannon.
Rent
The lease agreement of 1903 is carried out in two parts. The first, signed in February, consists of the following provisions:
- Agreement - This is a lease between US and Cuba for property for naval stations, in accordance with Article VII of the Platt Amendment.
- Article 1 - Describes the boundaries of the leased area, Guantanamo Bay and Bahia Honda.
- Article 2 - A.S. can occupy, use, and change the property to fit the needs of soldering and naval stations, only. The ship in Cuba trade will have free lanes.
- Article 3 - Cuba maintains the highest sovereignty, but during the occupation, the United States exercises sole jurisdiction over the areas described in Article 1. Under the agreed conditions, the US has the right to acquire, by purchasing or leading domains, whatever land is included.
The second section, signed five months later in July 1903, comprised the following provisions:
- Article 1 - Payments are $ 2000 gold coins, annually. All private land within the boundaries must be acquired by Cuba. The US will advance lease payments to Cuba to facilitate such purchases.
- Article 2 - AS will pay for site survey and mark the boundary with the fence.
- Article 3 - There will be no commercial or other company in the leased area.
- Article 4 - Mutual Extradition
- Article 5 - Not an entry port.
- Article 6 - The vessel will be subject to Cuban port police. The US will not block entry or departure into the bay.
- Article 7 - This proposal is open for seven months.
SIGNED Theodore Roosevelt and Jose M Garcia Montes.
In 1934, the amount of lease previously paid with gold coins was actually paid in US dollars per Golden Reserve Act so adjusted to take into account the value of gold converted to US dollars, which set it at $ 3,386.25. The lease amount was subsequently adjusted in 1973 to $ 3,676.50 and in 1974 to $ 4,085, based on a further revision of the value of gold into US dollars. Payments have been sent every year, but only one rental payment has been received since the Cuban Revolution and Fidel Castro claims that this check was kept in confusion in 1959, and the Cuban government has not kept any other rental checks since then.
World War II
During World War II, the base was set up to use an obscure number for postal operations. The base uses the Fleet Post Office, Atlantic, in New York City, with addresses: 115 FPO NY. The base is also an important intermediate distribution point for convoy shipping traders from New York City and Key West, Florida, to the Panama Canal and the islands of Puerto Rico, Jamaica and Trinidad & Tobago.
1958-99
Until the 1953-59 revolution, thousands of Cubans traveled daily from outside the base to work in it. By mid 1958, vehicle traffic was stopped; workers are required to walk past several base gates. Public Works Center buses were forced to work almost overnight to bring the flow of workers to and from the gates.
During the Cuban missile crisis in 1962, families of military personnel were evacuated from the base. Being told about the evacuation on October 22, the refugees were asked to pack one suitcase per family member, to carry evacuation and immunization cards, to tie the pets in the yard, to leave the house keys on the dining table, and wait in front. home for buses. Travel expenses to airfield for flights to the United States, or to ports for travel on board evacuation ships. After the crisis was resolved, family members were allowed to return to the base in December 1962.
From 1939, the base water was supplied by a pipeline that drew water from the Yateras River about 4.5 miles (7 km) northeast of the base. The US government pays for this fee; in 1964, it was about $ 14,000 per month for about 2,500,000 US gallons (9,000 m 3 ) per day. In 1964, the Cuban government stopped the flow. The base has about 14,000,000 gallons of US (50,000m 3 ) of water in storage, and strict water conservation is immediately enforced. The first water imported from Jamaica by barge, USA, moved the desalination plant from San Diego (Point Loma). When the Cuban government accused the United States of stealing water, base commander John D. Bulkeley ordered that pipelines be cut and a section was removed. The length of the inner pipe (97 cm) from the pipe is 14 in (36 cm cm) in diameter and the length of the 20 in (51 cm cm) pipe from the 25 cm diameter pipe lifted from the ground and the sealed openings.
21st century
In 2005, military facilities at Guantanamo Bay employed more than 9,500 sailors and US Marines. This is the only US military base maintained in a socialist country.
In 2005, the US Navy completed a $ 12 million wind farm project at the base, setting up four 950 kilowatt, 275-foot-high wind turbines, reducing the need for Solar fuels to power existing Diesel generators (base power stations). In 2006, wind turbines reduced diesel consumption by 650,000 gallons per year.
In 2006, only two older Cubans, Luis Delarosa and Harry Henry, still crossed the northeastern gateway of the Base daily to work at the base, as the Cuban government banned new recruits since the Revolution. They both retire by the end of 2012.
In January 2009, President Obama signed an executive order directing the CIA to cover what remained of his "secret" jail network and ordered the closure of the Guantanado detention camp within a year. However, he postponed a difficult decision on the details for at least six months. On March 7, 2011, President Obama issued an executive order allowing continuous unlimited detention of Guantanimo detainees. The National Defense Authorization Law for Fiscal 2012 officially unlimited detention of terrorist suspects, but the enforcement of relevant parts temporarily blocked by a federal court decision in the case of Hedges v. Obama on May 16, 2012, a lawsuit brought by a number of civilians, including Chris Hedges, Daniel Ellsberg, Noam Chomsky, and Birgitta JÃÆ'³nsdÃÆ'³ttir. After a series of decisions and appeals, the lawsuit was vacated because the plaintiff had no position to file a lawsuit. Starting April 2018, the detention center operates.
At the United Nations Human Rights Council in 2013, the Cuban Foreign Minister demanded that the US return the base and "seized territory," which the Cuban government was supposed to occupy since the US invasion of Cuba during the Spanish-American War in 1898.
Geography
The Navy base is divided into three main geographic sections: Leeward Point, Windward Point, and Guantánamo Bay. Guantánamo Bay physically divides the Navy Station into sections. The bay extends over the bases of the base to Cuba, where the bay is then referred to as BahÃÆ'a de Guantánamo. Guantánamo Bay contains several bumps, identified as Cay Hospital, Medico Cay, North Toro Cay, and South Toro Cay.
Leeward Point of Naval Station is the location of the active airfield. Key geographic features at Leeward Point include Mohomilla Bay and the Guantanimo River. Three beaches are on Leeward side. Two are available for use by the base population, while the third, Hicacal Beach, is closed.
The Windward Point contains most of the activities at Naval Station. There are nine beaches available for base personnel. The highest point on the base is the hill of John Paul Jones at a total of 495 feet. Geography Windward Point in such a way that there are many bays and peninsulas along the bay bay providing the ideal area to tackle the ship.
Cactus blinds
The "Cactus Curtain" is a term that describes the line separating the naval base from Cuba-controlled territory. After the Cuban Revolution, some Cubans sought refuge at the Guantanamo Navy Base. In the autumn of 1961, Cuban troops planted a 8-mile (13 km) cactus of Opuntia cactus along the northeastern part of a 17-mile (27 km) fence around the base to stop the Cubans from fleeing. Cuba to take refuge in the United States. It's nicknamed the Cactus Curtain , a reference to the European Iron Curtain, Bamboo Curtain in East Asia or a similar Ice Cube in the Bering Strait.
The US and Cuban forces stationed some 55,000 landmines in "no man's land" around the naval base that created the world's second largest landmine, and the largest in the Western Hemisphere. On May 16, 1996, US President Bill Clinton ordered the removal of mines in the American field. They have been replaced with motion and sound sensors to detect intruders at the base. The Cuban government has not removed the appropriate minefields outside the border.
Camp Detention
In the last quarter of the 20th century, the base was used to accommodate Cuban and Haitian refugees who were intercepted on the high seas. In the early 1990s, they detained refugees who fled Haiti after military troops ousted president Jean-Bertrand Aristide. The refugees are being held in a detention area called Camp Bulkeley until the US District Court, Judge Sterling Johnson, Jr. declared the camp unconstitutional on 8 June 1993. This decision was then vacated. The last Haitian migrant left Guantanamo on 1 November 1995.
Beginning in 2002, several months after the War on Terror began in response to the September 11, 2001 attacks, a small portion of the base was used to detain several hundred enemy fighters in Camp Delta, Camp Echo, Camp Iguana, and now-the X-Ray Column was closed. The US military has been accused without official allegations that some of these detainees are linked to al-Qaeda or the Taliban. In litigation regarding the availability of basic rights for those imprisoned in the base, the US Supreme Court has admitted that detainees "have been imprisoned in areas where the United States carries exclusive jurisdiction and control." Therefore, the detainees have a fundamental right to the legal process under the Fifth Amendment. Since then the district court has declared that "the Geneva Conventions are applied to Taliban detainees, but not to members of Al Qaeda terrorist organizations."
On June 10, 2006, the Department of Defense reported that three Guantanamo Bay prisoners committed suicide. The military reported the men hanging themselves with nooses made of sheets and clothing. A study published by the Center for Policy and Research Seton Hall Law, while making no conclusions about what really happened, confirmed that military investigations failed to address the important issues detailed in the report.
On September 6, 2006, President George W. Bush announced that those accused of or not accused of being detained by the CIA would be transferred to the Department of Defense custody, and held in Guantanamo Bay Prison. Of the approximately 500 prisoners at Guantanamo Bay, only 10 have been tried by the Guantanamo military commission, but all cases have been suspended while adjustments were made to comply with the US Supreme Court decision on Hamdi v. Rumsfeld .
President Barack Obama said he intends to close the detention camp, and plans to bring prisoners to the United States to stand trial at the end of his first term in office. On January 22, 2009, he issued three executive orders. Only one of them explicitly dealt with the policy at the Guantanamo Bay detention camp, and directed the closure of the camp within a year. All three may have an impact on detention centers, as well as how the United States holds prisoners.
While the mandate for the closure of the detention camps, the naval base as a whole is not subject to orders and will continue to operate indefinitely. The plan was thwarted for a time on May 20, 2009, when the United States Senate voted to keep the prison at Guantanamo Bay open for the foreseeable future and prohibit the transfer of detainees to facilities in the United States. Senator Daniel Inouye, a Democrat from Hawaii and head of the allocation committee, said he initially preferred keeping Guantanamo open until Obama produced a "coherent plan to close the prison." As of January 2017, 45 detainees remain at Guantanamo.
Represented business
The Baskin-Robbins ice cream shop, which opened in the 1980s, was the first business franchise on the base. In 1986, Guantanamo hosted the first and only McDonald's restaurant in Cuba. The Subway Restaurant opened in 2002. In 2004, the combined KFC & amp; A & amp; W opened in the bowling arena and Pizza Hut Express added to Windjammer Restaurant. There's a Taco Bell and a Triple C shop selling Starbucks coffee and Breyers ice cream.
All restaurants in the installation are franchises owned and operated by the Navy Department. All proceeds from the restaurant are used to support moral, welfare, and recreation (MWR) activities for service personnel and their families. These restaurants are inside the base so it is inaccessible to Cubans.
Airfields
There are two airfields at the base, Leeward Point Field and McCalla Field. Leeward Point Field is an active military airfield, with ICAO MUGM code and NBW IATA code. McCalla Field was designated as an additional landing field in 1970.
Leeward Point Field was built in 1953 as part of Guantanamo Bay Naval Air Station (NAS). Leeward Point Field has an active single base, 10/28, measuring 8,000 feet (2,400 m). Former runway, 9/27 is 8,500 feet (2,600m). Currently, Leeward Point Field operates several aircraft and helicopters that support basic operations. Leeward Point Field was home to Fleet Composite Squadron 10 (VC-10) until it was removed in 1993. VC-10 was one of the last active duty squadrons to fly Douglas A-4 Skyhawk.
McCalla Field was founded in 1931 and continues to operate until 1970. The Guantanamo Bay Naval Air Station was officially established on 1 February 1941. The aircraft that routinely operate outside McCalla include JRF-5, N3N, J2F, C-1 Traders, and self-gibles. McCalla Field is now listed as a closed airfield. This area consists of 3 runways: 1/19 at 4,500 ft (1,400 m), 14/32 at 2,210 ft (670 m), and 10/28 at 1,850 ft (560 m). Justice Camp is now located at the former airport base.
Access to Naval Station is very limited and must be approved in advance through a local chain of command which is appropriate to the station Commander as final approval. Due to limited berthing facilities, visitors should be sponsored indicating that they have an approved residence during the visit.
Education
The Department of Defense Education Activities (DoDEA) provides education for personnel who depend on two schools. Both schools were named for Rear Admiral William Thomas Sampson. W.T. Sampson Elementary School serves K-5 and W. T. Sampson High School classes serving 6-12. The Villamar Child Development Center provides childcare for dependents from six weeks to five years. MWR operates a Youth Center that provides activities for dependents.
Some former Guantanimo students have shared stories about their experiences with the Guantanño Public Memory Project. The 2013 documentary
Climate
US. The Guantanamo Bay Naval Station has an annual rainfall of about 61.5 cm (24 inches). The amount of rainfall has caused the base to be classified as semi-arid desert environments. The average annual high temperature at the base is 31.2 Â ° C (88.2 Â ° F), the lowest annual average is 22.5 Â ° C (72.5 Â ° F).
Famous people
Prominent people born in naval base include actor Peter Bergman and American guitarist Isaac Guillory.
See also
- Cuban-United States relations
- Platt Amendment
- Road to Guantanamo - Drama documentation directed by Michael Winterbottom on the detention of three British prisoners at Guantanamo Bay Navy Base.
- Panama Canal Zone
- Suez Canal Zone
- Port of Ireland agreement
- United Kingdom Base Area Akrotiri and Dhekelia (in, or in Cyprus)
- Soviet Naval Base in Hanko
Note
References
Further reading
- Jonathan M. Hansen, GuantÃÆ'¡namo: An American History. New York: Hill and Wang, 2011.
- Alfred de Zayas, "Status of Guantanamo Bay and Status of Prisoners" at University of British Columbia Legal Review , vol. 37, July 2004, pp.Ã, 277-34; A de Zayas Guantanamo Naval Base at Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law , Oxford University Press 2012)
External links
- U.S. Military Website official
- CNIC Naval Station Guantanamo Bay Official Website
- Maps and photos
- Google Maps
- Virtual 3D Walkthrough Camp Delta (from Art Zone project * Interdite)
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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