In the US automotive industry, the term "Big Three" refers to the three largest automakers in the country: General Motors, Ford, and Fiat Chrysler (US FCA). The Three Great Germans are Volkswagen AG, Mercedes-Benz (Daimler AG) and BMW. The Big Three of Japan are Toyota, Nissan, and Honda.
Video Big Three (automobile manufacturers)
United States
General Motors, Ford Motor Company, and Fiat Chrysler Automobiles AS is often referred to as the "Big Three", as the largest automaker in the United States. They are for the time being the largest in the world and two of them are still a mainstay in the top five. The Big Three is also distinguished not only by their size and geography, but also by their business model. All three have headquarters in the Detroit area. The majority of their operations are united with United Auto Workers and Canadian Auto Workers.
Ford has occupied the position of second-ranked producer for the past 56 years, relegated to third position in North American sales after being taken over by Toyota in 2007. That year, Toyota produced more vehicles than GM despite GM still selling Toyota that year. At that time, GM had 77 years of calendar sales in a row. For the first quarter of 2008, Toyota eventually surpassed GM in sales. In the North American market, Detroit's manufacturers retain the top three spots, despite their reduced market share. Honda passed Chrysler for fourth place on US sales 2008. Since then, due to the controversy surrounding Toyota's acceleration of their accidental acceleration, Toyota has fallen back into fourth place in sales, with Honda trailing in fifth place, allowing the Detroit Three to reclaim the Big title Three of them.
Unions can generate higher labor costs than other multinational automakers, including those with factories in North America. The 2005 Port report estimates that Toyota's leadership in labor productivity achieves a cost advantage of US $ 350 to US $ 500 per vehicle compared to American manufacturers. The UAW approved a two-level salary in the recent 2007 negotiations, something CAW has so far rejected. Delphi, who was separated from GM in 1999, filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy after the UAW refused to cut their wages and GM was expected to be responsible for a $ 7 billion shortfall.
To increase profits, Detroit automakers made a deal with unions to reduce wages while making pension and health care commitments. GM, for example, at one time took all the funding costs of its employees' health insurance premiums, survivors and retired GMs, as the US lacked a universal health care system. With most of these plans being chronic underfunded in the late 1990s, the company has tried to provide retirement packages to older workers, and entered into agreements with the UAW to transfer pension liabilities to independent trust. In 2009, the CBC reported that uncooperative Japanese car makers, with their young American workforce and fewer retirees continue to enjoy cost advantages over the Big Three.
Regardless of their marques history, many long-running cars have been discontinued or downgraded to fleet sales, as the Big Three diverts resources from intermediate and compact cars to lead "SUV Craze". Since the late 1990s, more than half of their profits have come from SUV vehicles, while they often can not damage a compact car unless the buyer chooses an option. Ron Harbor, in the 2008 Flagship Report release Oliver Wyman, stated that many of the small "ekonobox" of the past act as a loss leader, but are designed to bring customers to the brand in the hope that they will remain loyal and rise to more profitable models. The report estimates that carmakers need to sell ten small cars to generate the same profits as one large vehicle, and that they must produce small and medium cars for success, something that makes Detroit three difficulties.
SUV sales peaked in 1999 but have not returned to that level since then, due to high gas prices. The Big Three have suffered from a less inferior initial quality and reliability compared to their Japanese counterparts, who have been difficult to overcome. They are also slow to bring new vehicles to the market, while Japan is also seen as a leader in producing fuel-efficient small cars.
The fall in sales and market share has resulted in the Big Three plant operating below capacity (GM crops were at 85% in November 2005, well below the crops of its Asian rivals), leading to production cuts, plant closures and layoffs. They rely heavily on subsidized incentives and subsidies to sell vehicles. which is vital to keeping the factory running, which in turn drives most of Michigan's economy. These promotional strategies, including rebate, employee pricing, and 0% financing, have increased sales but also cut profits. More importantly, such promotions deplete cashmaker cash reserves in the near future while in the long run the company suffers the stigma of selling a vehicle because of its low price and not a technical advantage. Automakers have been trying to reduce incentives and raise prices, while cutting output. The subprime mortgage crisis and high oil prices in 2008 resulted in the popularity of trucks and best-selling SUVs, possibly forcing automakers to continue offering heavy incentives to help wipe out excess inventory.
The Big Three sued California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger to prevent exhaust emission requirements. In response, Governor Schwarzenegger told the Big Three to "unleash their ass".
In 2008, with high oil prices and a declining US economy due to the subprime mortgage crisis, the Big Three rethinked their strategy, idling or changing light truck factories to make small cars. Due to the declining residual value of their vehicles, Chrysler has stopped offering leases on its vehicles.
In 2009, General Motors and Chrysler filed and emerged from Chapter 11 restructuring in the United States. General Motors Canada did not file for bankruptcy. United States and Canadian government controls are reported as temporary. On June 10, 2009, Chrysler Group LLC emerged from the bankruptcy of Chapter 11 reorganization and was sold to Italian car maker Fiat. On June 3, 2011, Fiat bought the remaining US Treasury shares at Chrysler for $ 500 million, increasing its ownership of the automaker by 53%. On January 21, 2014, Fiat purchased the remaining shares in the Chrysler Group that have not been withheld from the employee's health benefits benefit plan United Auto Workers.
Due to the company's Fiat Chrysler Automobiles structure that is no longer owned or controlled by US investors, some media sources now mention Detroit has "Big Two" (GM and Ford) as opposed to "Big Three". Some media sources now include Tesla in "Big Three" as it is the third largest US car manufacturer with an assessment ($ 34.16B), much higher than the FCA ($ 9.05B).
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Japanese
Japanese carmakers Toyota, Nissan, and Honda, among many others, have long been regarded as leaders in producing fuel-efficient small cars. Their vehicles were brought to the surface, due to the 1973 oil crisis that had a major impact on the automotive industry. For example, Honda Civic is considered superior to American competitors such as Chevrolet Vega and Ford Pinto. Civic is the best-selling car in Canada for 12 consecutive years.
In addition, the Nissan 240Z was introduced at a relatively low price compared to other foreign sports cars at the time (Jaguar, BMW, Porsche, etc.), while delivering performance, reliability, and handsomeness. This expands the image of Japanese carmakers beyond the success of their ekonobox, as well as credited as a catalyst for industrial parts import performance.
Before Honda launched the Acura in 1986, Japanese auto exports were especially economical in design and mostly targeted at low-cost consumers. The three major Japanese created their luxury marques to challenge established brands. Following Honda's lead, Toyota unveiled the name of the Lexus with the LS 400 which debuted at $ 38,000 in the US (in some markets that are priced against medium-sized six-cylinder Mercedes-Benz and BMW models), and judged by Car and Driver magazine is better than Mercedes-Benz W126 $ 63,000 and BMW E32 worth 55,000 US dollars in terms of driving, controlling, and performance. It is generally regarded as a great surprise to European marques; Sales figures for BMW and Mercedes-Benz US fell 29% and 19%, respectively, with current BMW chairman Eberhard von Kuenheim accusing Lexus of dumping in the market. Nissan Infiniti became a player in the luxury market mostly thanks to the popular Q45. The vehicle includes a 278 hp (207 kW) class leading engine, four wheel steering wheel, the first active suspension system offered on motor vehicles, and many luxury interior agreements. This makes it competitive against German imports such as Audi, BMW and Mercedes-Benz, which at the time of the release of Infiniti has overtaken Cadillac and Lincoln in dominating the luxury segment of the American market. In 1990, four years after the debut of Legend and Integra, Acura introduced the NSX, a mid-road V6 powered sports car. NSX, the acronym for "New Sports eXperimental", billed as the first Japanese automaker to compete with Ferrari and Porsche. This vehicle serves as a halo car for the Acura brand. The NSX is the world's first aluminum production car, and is also marketed and viewed by some as the "Everyday Supercar" in part thanks to the ease of use, quality and reliability, features unheard of in the supercar segment at the time.
The success of Japanese car makers contributed to their American counterparts who fell into recession in the late 1970s. Unions and lobbyists in North America and Europe put pressure on their governments to restrict imports. In 1981, Japan agreed to Voluntary Export Controls to precede the protectionist measures that may have been taken by the US, where it was import tariffs or quotas. As a result, Japanese companies are responding by investing heavily in US production facilities, as they are not subject to VER. Unlike domestic car manufacturers, Japanese plants are not unionized (except NUMMI), so they have lower wage costs and do not face the risk of strikes. VER was revoked in 1994 after the agreement of all members of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). Building US production facilities is also a significant step in improving public relations, along with philanthropy, lobbying, and technology sharing. Europe still largely maintains a policy of protectionism against Japanese cars, though they vary greatly.
Toyota has always been the largest automaker in Japan, and recently overtook GM's eternal world in both production and sales in early 2008. As the most aggressive company in Japan when it came to expanding into light trucks and luxury vehicles, it proved very successful. Their high-end Lexus brand became the world's best-selling luxury marque in 2000, although it only started in 1989. As a result, Toyota's share price has been trading at a much higher price than other cars. Nissan regained its position in second place, financial difficulties in the late 1990s caused Honda to lose its place for Honda before. Nissan is the second largest automaker in Japan and is ranked sixth in the world, behind Toyota, GM, Volkswagen, Ford, and Hyundai. Suzuki, Mazda, and Mitsubishi are in fourth, fifth, and sixth places far in comparison to the Big Three of Japan.
Toyota, Honda, and Nissan are all in BusinessWeek magazine 100 Top Global Brands based on dollar value, as ranked by the leading Interbrand brand consultant. Toyota marque valued US $ 22.67 billion, ranked ninth among all global brand names - automotive or non-automotive, creeping out of Mercedes-Benz. 2010 final production figures from the International Motor Vehicle Organization show that Toyota holds number 1, Nissan number 6, and Honda number 7.
German
The German trio of Audi, Mercedes-Benz and BMW are often referred to as "German's Big Three", although the major automakers are actually Volkswagen Group (manufacturer Audi), Daimler AG (Mercedes-Benz manufacturer), and BMW.
Other major German producers are Opel and Ford-Werke, but are not considered part of this grouping, even though they include top selling brands in Europe - both foreign (Opel is a subsidiary of Groupe PSA, while Ford Werke is a subsidiary of wholly owned by Ford Motor Company), and most of Germany-based and do a lot of research and development in their country.
Volkswagen Group has long been the largest car manufacturer in Europe. In 2007, Ford was ranked third in the world after General Motors and Toyota. It is also a parent group of Audi, Porsche, SEAT ,? Koda, Bugatti, Lamborghini and Bentley.
Daimler AG holds major stocks in other cars including Mitsubishi Fuso.
BMW also manufactures Mini branded vehicles, and has been the parent company of Rolls-Royce Motor Cars since 1998.
BMW, Mercedes-Benz and Audi make up about 80% of the global luxury market.
Note
See also
- Automotive industry
- Impact of the 2008-2009 automotive industry crisis in the United States
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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