An all-terrain vehicle ( ATV ), also known as quad , quad bikes , three -wheeler , four-wheeler or quadricycle as defined by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) are vehicles traveling on low-pressure tires, with seats being held by carriers , along with the handlebars for steering control. As the name suggests, it is designed to handle a wider range of terrain than most other vehicles. Although it is a street legal vehicle in some countries, it is not the legal avenue in most states and provinces of Australia, the United States or Canada.
By the current definition of ANSI, ATVs are intended for use by single operators, although some companies have developed ATVs intended for use by operators and single passengers. Passengers are not required to have helmets. This ATV is called ATV tandem.
The rider sits and operates this vehicle like a motorcycle, but the additional wheels provide more stability at slower speeds. Also dirt bikes are considered ATVs because they are designed only for off road use. Although most are equipped with three or four wheels, six-wheel models exist for special applications. ATV machine sizes currently sold in the United States, (such as 2008 products), range from 49 to 1,000 cc (3 to 61 cuÃ, in).
Video All-terrain vehicle
History
19th century
Royal Enfield built and sold its first powered quadracycle in 1893. It has many bicycle components, including a bar handle. The Royal Enfield resembles a modern ATV-style quad bike but is designed as a form of a horse-drawn carriage for use on the road.
Military ATV
The term "ATV" was originally created to refer to the six-wheeled amphibious ATV ATVs like Jiger produced by Jiger Corporation, Amphicat produced by Mobility Unlimited Inc, and Terra Tiger produced by Allis-Chalmers Manufacturing Company. in the mid-1960s and early 1970s. With the introduction of rusted straw ATVs, the term AATV was introduced to determine the original amphibian ATV category.
The three-wheel era (1967-1987)
The first tricycle ATV is Sperry-Rand Tricart. It was designed in 1967 as a John Plessinger graduate project at the Cranbrook Academy of Arts near Detroit. The Tricart is loaded with sitting rather than sitting-style (similar to contemporary Big Wheel toys). In 1968, Plessinger sold Tricart's patents and design rights to Sperry-Rand New Holland, which produced commercially. Many small American manufacturers of 3 wheels follow. This small producer could not compete when a large motorcycle company like Honda entered the market in 1969.
Honda introduced their first three-wheeler ATV driven in 1969, famously portrayed in the James Bond film Diamonds Are Forever and other TV shows such as Magnum, PI and Hart to Hart . Nicknamed US90 and later - when Honda acquired a trademark on the term - ATC90 (All Terrain Cycle), it was designed purely for recreational use. Obviously influenced by the previous ATV, it featured a large balloon tire instead of a mechanical suspension.
In the early 1980s, suspensions and low profile tires were introduced. The 1982 Honda ATC200E Big Red is a landmark model. It displays both the suspension and the rack, making it the first utility of a three-wheel ATV. The ability to go anywhere in a field that most other vehicles can not cross right away makes them popular with US and Canadian hunters, and they are just looking for a good travel trail. Soon other manufacturers introduced their own models. Sales of utility engines soared.
The sports model was also developed by Honda, which has a virtual monopoly on the market due to its effective patents on the design and placement of the engines. ATC250R 1981 is the first high-performance three-wheel drive, featuring full suspension, air-cooled 248 cc engine, five-speed transmission with manual clutch, and front disc brakes. For sport trail riders, ATC200X 1983 is another landmark engine. It used 192-cc four easy-to-ideal steps for new entrants in the sport. ATC200X is the first high-performance four-stage ATV featuring full suspension, front and rear disc brakes with single piston calipers, 18-horsepower engine, sporty look and widely regarded as one of the best ATVs ever produced. Today, ATC200Xs can be found in the market in all conditions and prices, and is still highly respected and followed by an aftermarket community.
In 1985, Honda also introduced the new ATC350X. ATC350X is another high-performance three-wheeled vehicle, similar to the ATC200X, but as an entirely new engine. 350X featuring 26-horsepower air and oil cooled four-step 350 cc engine with 4-valve head; an impressive technology for the time being. The engine is very good, it found its way to many four-wheel hybrid race vehicles in the next few years. The engine is a torque monster, and Honda is not afraid to call 350X "King of the Hill" in its engine marketing. This suspension is a step in between all the new ATC250Rs (featuring a 246 cc liquid-cooled 2-stroke engine and nearly 10 inches travel in suspension, front and rear) and ATC200X, with an 8.5 inch journey ahead of the fork. Disc brakes with 350X feature with double piston brake calipers for exceptional stop power. However, the 350X suffers in handling with an undamaged chassis that makes the engine unpopular with racers, except for those who choose to be different from racing a four-stroke engine as a two-stroke engine is the choice at the time. Fortunately, the aftermarket comes out with a custom kernel kit that significantly strengthens the frame at its weakest point for the rider who wants to build a racing engine.
In 1986, ATC200X got a complete redesign. The machine has nothing in common with its predecessor than the name. It gets all the new four-stroke 199-cc engine, sportier white plastic, longer suspension travel, and fully resigned "box" frame, made of square tubes instead of round tubes for significant power boost. ATC350X also received various updates, including white plastic and especially the revised oil removal point on the machine, to help reduce engine oil hunger while driving long wheelies.
Other models, such as ATC250SX are sold. ATC250SX is the first ATV sport utility. It featured a 250 cc air-cooled four-stroke engine that liked the revised Red Reds, a propeller shaft instead of a chain. It features larger balloon tires and a sporty look than similar Big Reds, but can be ordered with a cargo shelf if the buyer chooses to.
For 1985 and then 1986, Honda introduced the new ATC250R. Unlike the previous generation, the new engines are the largest, more sportier and now feature 246 cc two-step liquid-cooled. With a light weight of 292 pounds, the machine was very fast for the day, with a high 38 horsepower rating. Today, the ATC250R 1985-86 is arguably the biggest three-wheeled vehicle of all time, and aftermarket support still follows the machine. This motor is widely explored throughout the United States and can be found in the used market for bargain.
Over the next few years, all manufacturers except Suzuki, developed a high-performance two-stroke engine, but did not sell much because of the reputation Honda had secured. These models are Yamaha Tri-Z YTZ250 with two-step 246 cc engine and five-speed manual or six-speed gearbox and Kawasaki Tecate KXT250 with 249Ã, cc two-stroke with five or 6 speed gearbox. However, the Honda ATC250R still proves to be more popular than others, with owners and drivers saying they have a more useful power band and handling the best of the three. It continues to outsell both Tri-Z and Tecate in large quantities, including when engines are converted from three to four wheels and sold side by side.
American Tiger ATV producers also build a variety of three-wheeled vehicles, ranging in size from 125 to 500 cc Rotax two-step engine. The Tiger 500 is considered one of the fastest ATVs of all time, which claims a top speed of over 100 mph with nearly 50 horsepower engines and a 5-speed gearbox. However, due to the scarcity of the machine, it remains a legend. Tiger 200 and 250 are the most common machines. All are specially ordered and built to buyer specifications for ATV racing factories. Tiger Super-4 is a four-wheeled 250Ã, cc 2-step engine that then replaces the tricycle. The Tiger manufacturing plant was closed and destroyed in 1992.
The production of three-wheeled vehicles ceased in 1987 for safety reasons: three-wheeled vehicles were more unstable than four-wheeled vehicles (though accidents were equally severe in both classes). The duration of the cessation of voluntary production (producers are not required to stop production but agree to it) lasts 10 years and thus since 1997, the factory is free to once again produce and market three-wheeled vehicles. The ban on the sale of new or used trucks and the recall of all remaining tricycles has been proposed by the American Academy of Pediatrics. However, it was determined in the CPSC study that three-wheeled vehicles were no more dangerous than other ATVs. The prohibition led to the widespread notion that the machines could not be listed, uninsured, dangerous, and even illegal, but incorrect.
This safety issue with the three-wheeler ATV caused all the ATV manufacturers to upgrade to four-wheeled models in the late 1980s, and the three-wheeled model ended production in 1988, due to a consent decision between the major manufacturers and the Consumer Product Safety Commission - the result of a legal battle over security issues between consumer groups, producers and the CPSC. The lighter weights of the tricycle models make them popular with expert riders. Cornering is more challenging than with a four-wheeled engine because it relies on turnover even more important, to offset the weight and keep the engine stable. The operator can roll over if caution is not used at high speeds. The front end of a three-wheeled vehicle clearly has a single wheel, making it lighter, and flipping backwards is a potential hazard, especially when climbing a hill. Rollovers can also occur while traveling down a very steep incline. However, in most fields with proper driving techniques and safety equipment, accidents are not a problem. The tricycle requires more time to learn to ride properly than any other machine and requires a different style than the others as well; such as leaning into the inside of the turn and steering with the throttle. The key is to break the traction with the rear tires and "power slides". The approval decision ended in 1997, allowing manufacturers to, once again, create and market three-wheel models, even though none were marketed today. Recently, the CPSC has successfully banned the import of three-wheeled ATVs with attachments to collect HR4040. Many believe this in response to Chinese manufacturers trying to import three-wheeled ATVs. Japanese manufacturers are also behind this law, as they have been responsible for many years to provide ATV Safety training and to apply special labels and safety equipment to their ATVs while Chinese manufacturers do not. The tricycle can still be built and sold by American manufacturers if anyone chooses to build it. Four-wheelers (1985-day) "> Four-wheelers (1985-today) >
Suzuki is a leader in the development of four-wheel ATVs. It sold the first model, LT125 QuadRunner 1982, which is a recreational engine for beginners. Suzuki sold the first four-wheeled ATV, LT50, from 1984 to 1987. After the LT50, Suzuki sold its first ATV with CVT transmission, LT80, from 1987 to 2006.
In 1985 Suzuki was introduced to the industry's first high-performance four-wheeled ATV, the Suzuki LT250R QuadRacer. This machine is in production for the model year 1985-1992. During the production period, he underwent three major engineering. However, core features are retained. These are: sophisticated long travel suspension, liquid-cooled two-step motor and full five-speed manual transmission for the 1985-1986 model and six-speed transmission for the 87-92 model. It is a machine designed specifically for racing by highly skilled riders.
Honda responded a year later with FourTrax TRX250R - a machine that has not been replicated to date. Currently remains a trophy-winner and competitor for large-bore ATVs. Kawasaki replied with Tecate-4 250. TRX250R is very similar to the ATC250R that was eventually replaced, and is often regarded as one of the greatest sports ATV ever made.
In 1987, Yamaha Motor Company introduced a different type of high-performance engine, the Banshee 350, featuring a two-cylinder two-cylinder fluid-cooled motor from the RD350LC street motor. Heavier and harder to ride on the ground compared to the 250s, Banshee became a popular machine with sandbar riders thanks to its unique power delivery. The Banshee remains popular, but 2006 is the last year it's available in the US (due to EPA emissions regulations); it remains available in Canada until 2008 and in Australia until 2012.The Soldier 350 was introduced in 1987 and lasts for years as a light and fast ATV.
Shortly after the introduction of Banshee in 1987, Suzuki released LT500R QuadRacer. This unique quad is powered by a two-stroke 500-cc liquid-cooled engine with a five-speed transmission. This ATV gets the nickname "Quadzilla" with its incredible speed and size. Despite claims of 100 mph Quadzillas stock, it was officially recorded by 3 & amp; 4 Wheel Action magazine for reaching a top speed of over 79 mph (127 km/h) in high-speed race in the June 1988 edition, making it the fastest four-wheeler ATV production ever produced. Suzuki stopped production of LT500R in 1990 after just four years.
At the same time, the development of ATV utilities is increasing rapidly. The 1986 Honda FourTrax TRX350 4x4 ushered in the four-wheel drive ATV era. Other manufacturers have quickly followed suit, and 4x4 has remained the most popular type of ATV ever since. These machines are popular with hunters, farmers, breeders and workers on construction sites.
The model continues, today, is divided into sports and utility markets. Sports models are generally small, lightweight, fast two-wheel drive vehicles, have a manual transmission and run at speeds of up to about 80 mph (130 km/h). The utility model is generally larger four-wheel drive vehicle with maximum speed up to about 70 mph (110 km/h). They have the ability to carry small loads on the installed shelves or small trash cans. They can also tow small trailers. Due to different weights, each has its advantages in various types of terrain. The popular model is the Yamaha Raptor 700, which features a nearly 700-cc four-stroke engine.
The six-wheel model often has a small dump bed, with an extra set of wheels on the back to increase load capacity. They can be four wheel drive (only rear wheel), or six wheel drive.
In 2011 LandFighter was founded, "the first Dutch/European ATV brand". The largest share of production takes place in Taiwan, to European standards; ATV finally assembled in the Netherlands.
Maps All-terrain vehicle
Safety and legal regulations
Safety has become a major problem with the ATV due to the high number of deaths and injuries associated with them and the neglected protection by machines.
The modern generation of ATVs was introduced in the early 1970s and is almost immediately aware of the alarming rate of injury for children and adolescents. Based on the National Trauma Data Bank analysis, ATVs are more dangerous than dirt bikes, possibly due to crumbling injuries and failure to wear safety equipment such as helmets. They are just as dangerous as motorcycles, based on mortality and injury. More children and women are injured in ATV, which also presents lower levels of helmet usage.
Many common injuries can be prevented by the use of appropriate protective equipment. Most ATV manufacturers recommend at least a helmet that complies with the approved DOT, protective goggles, gloves and boots that are suitable for all driving conditions. Sports or aggressive riders, or riders on challenging terrain (such as crawling or hillclimbing), may choose a motocross-style chest protector and a knee/shin protective for further protection. Proper tires (suitable for particular terrain) can also play an important role in preventing injury. Fatal accidents usually occur when the vehicle rolls over.
United States
In the United States, statistics released by the Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) show that in 2005, there were an estimated 136,700 injuries related to ATVs treated in the US hospital emergency room. In 2004, last year's estimates were available, 767 people died in ATV-related incidents. According to statistics released by the CPSC, the risk of injury in 2005 was 171.5 injuries per 10,000 ATV four wheels used. The risk of death in 2004 was 1.1 deaths per 10,000 four-wheeled vehicles used. The focus has shifted to machine size in proportion to the use of ATVs categorized by age range and engine displacement - in accordance with the approval decision. ATVs are mandated to bear labels from manufacturers stating that machine use greater than 90 cc by motorists under the age of 12 is prohibited. This is a 'manufacturer's recommendation/CPSC' and not necessarily state law.
The American Academy of Pediatrics and the CPSC recommend that no children under the age of 16 should ride ATVs. A Canadian study states that "the associated injury pattern, severity, and cost for health care systems" of pediatric injuries associated with ATV resemble those caused by motor vehicles, and that public policy should reflect this fact.
According to The New York Times on September 2, 2007, the Consumer Product Safety Commission met in March 2005 to discuss the dangers of ATVs. Data from 2004 showed 44,000 children under 16 injured while riding ATVs, 150 of them fatal. The Associated Press said the national pediatric association, consumer advocates and emergency room physicians urged the commission to ban the sale of adult ATVs for use by children under 16 because the engines are too large and fast for young drivers to control, but when it comes time to consider such a move, a staff member whose name does not appear on the meeting agenda unexpectedly weighed down. "The staff member was John Gibson Mullan," agency compliance director and former ATV industry lawyer " - the Times based the claim on the recording of the meeting. Mullan reportedly said that the existing warning system and voluntary compliance have been successful. The agency's statistical hazard expert Robin Ingle is not allowed to present the rebuttal. He told the Times in an interview, "He has hijacked the presentation, distorted the numbers to benefit the industry and defeated the petition, almost like he still works for them, not us." The CPSC report on death and ATV injuries show an increase in the number of deaths and injuries that are statistically significant. The rate of death and injury, which calculates that the number of ATVs used has increased over the past decade, has not proved statistically significant.
The United States government maintains an ATV safety website where safety tips are provided, such as not riding an ATV with passengers (passengers make it difficult or impossible for the driver to divert their weight, as required to ride an ATV) or not riding an ATV on an asphalt road ( ATVs usually have a solid rear axle without differential).
In 1988, the All-terrain Vehicle Safety Institute (ASI) was established to provide training and education for ATV riders. The cost of attending training is minimal and free for new machine buyers who are included in the age guidelines and the right size. The successful completion of a safety training class is, in many states, the minimum requirement for early childhood is granted permission to ride on state land. Some states should implement their own safety training programs, since breastfeeding programs can not include motorists with ATVs outside of age and size guidelines, which may still be within state law.
In industry, agricultural workers are disproportionately at risk for ATV accidents. The majority of casualties occur in white men aged over 55 years.
United Kingdom
A "Quad bike" is recognized by British law as a vehicle with four wheels and a mass of less than 550 kg. To ride a quad bike on public roads, in the UK, requires a B1 license as well as taxes, insurance, and registration.
In the UK, car security issues classified as quad bikes are illustrated by the case of G-Wiz (REVAi). The electric vehicle in the neighborhood was given the NCAP specification test, and the results showed that the occupants of the vehicle would suffer serious or life-threatening injuries in an accident of 64 km/h (40 mph). The UK Department of Transport concluded that there was a serious safety problem when the REVA fell at a speed of 35 mph (56 km/h).
Australia
After consulting with stakeholders including farmers and quad bike manufacturers, the Head of the Workplace Safety Authority of Australia (HWSA) in 2011 issued a strategy intended to reduce the number of deaths and serious injuries related to the use of quad bikes. The development of the report was followed by The Weekly Times and ABC television which covered the issue under the 7.30 program. In addition to encouraging standard safety measures such as wearing helmets, the strategy also recommends the development of a national training curriculum, the place of sale of materials to buyers and, controversial, recommendations deemed fit by anti-leverage devices after which markets can offer additional protection in case of roll-over.
When the report was released, the only model of anti-impact protection on the market was an Australian-made "Quad bar" that the industry strongly opposed through media activity and poster campaigns at regional events for farmers who often used to showcase new products.
The industry believes that the device has not been properly tested and that previous studies on ROPS tractors such as full-framed 'frames' around the operator are not only ineffective, but can add to the risk of injury or death.
In February 2012, the Melbourne-based Institute for Security Research, Compensation and Recovery (ISCRR) published a paper criticizing research claims from manufacturers related to crushing protection devices. This paper reviews research in a number of countries since 1993 in relation to rollover protection and found that industrial opposition to rollover protection can not be supported due to limitations in previous studies. It is recommended further research on the topic and development of research tools based on the use of ATV/quadbikes under Australian conditions.
Environmental issues
Emissions
ATV accounted for 58% of SI recreational vehicles (sparks) in the US in 2000. That year, recreational SI vehicles produced 0.16% NOx, 8% HC, 5% CO and 0.8% of PM emissions for all vehicles, both roads and non-roads. As a point of comparison, SI & lt; The 19kW category (~ 25Ã, hp) (small spark ignition engine such as lawnmower) consists of 20% HC and 23% of total CO emissions. While recreational SI vehicles produce aggregate & lt; 4% of all HC emissions in the US, based on a relatively small ATV population (& lt; 1.2M) and small annual use (& lt; 350 hours), EPA emissions regulations now include such machines, starting with the 2006 model. Machines that meet this standard now only generate 3% of HC emissions previously performed by unregulated machines.
Terrain damage
While deep treads on some ATV tires are effective for navigating rocky terrains, muddy and covered roots, the site is also capable of digging drains that can drain swamps, increasing sedimentation in streams at crossings and destroying tracks of neat snow vehicles. Proper trace construction techniques can reduce this effect.
In some countries where fences are uncommon, such as the United States, Canada and Australia, some ATV riders consciously traverse private property in rural areas and travel on public/private properties, where their use is limited to lines. Furthermore, environmentalists criticize ATV as a sport for overuse in areas considered sensitive biologically, especially wetlands and dunes and in the Australian outback.
Since both scientific studies and US National Forest Service personnel have identified Unregulated Off-Road Vehicles (ORVs) as a major damaging impact on national forests, the US Forest Service is currently involved in the Travel Management Process, where individual forests limit all motor travel off-road to approved lanes and roads. This is in contrast to the previously permitted, unregulated cross-country trips across national forest lands, except for specially designated jungle areas. Although ORVs were identified 30 years ago as threats to wild ecosystems by the Forest Service, only after pressure by an unlikely neighborhood alliance, private landowners, hunters, ranchers, fishermen, quiet sedators and forest police themselves (who identified ORVs as " significant law enforcement issues "in the national forest). has taken action. Travel Management Rules started in 2004; completion expected in 2010.
Other uses
ATVs use tracks, not wheels, used in France's Prudhomme Cap in Antarctica.
ATVs are also used in agriculture to bridge the advantages of trucks and tractors.
They are used in a variety of industries for their maneuvering and off-roading capabilities. These include:
- border patrol
- construction
- emergency medical services
- land management
- law enforcement
- military
- mineral exploration
- oil exploration
- pipeline transport
- search and rescue
- small-scale forestry
- survey
- wild fire wildfire control
Sports competitions
The sports model is built with performance, not utility, in mind. In order to succeed in the fast lane, the ATV must have a light weight, high power, good suspension, and a low center of gravity. This machine can be modified for racing disciplines such as motocross, wooden racing (also known as cross country), desert racing (also known as Hare Scrambles), hill climbing, ice racing, speedway, Tourist Trophy (TT), flat lane, drag racing and others.
Across the United States and England there are many quad racing clubs with enduro and quadcross sections. GNCC Racing started around 1980 and includes race accompaniment and enduro race. For now, the event is mainly held in the eastern part of the United States. GNCC races have many types of obstacles such as, climbing hills, river crossings and logs, dirt roads and forested paths.
The ATV National Motocross Championship was formed around 1985. The ATVMX event was held in the premiere motocross race across the United States. ATVMX consists of several groups, including the Pro (AMA Pro) and Amateur (ATVA) series. Friday involves amateur and racing exercises on Saturday and Sunday. Saturday also involves racing for Pro Am Women and Pro Am Unlimited classes. Sunday involves racing for ATV Pro and Pro Am production, but rated separately. On an average weekend more than 500 riders will compete.
The FIM governs the Quadcross of Nations at the end of the year. This competition involves teams from three riders representing their country. There are three motos with two riders from each country competing per moto. The location of the event changes from year to year.
The Racing Mud/CMR Championship saw its growth in 2006 as an ATV industry leader recognizing the need for class uniformity and the rules of various local mud events. Providing a standard rule creates a need for a governing body that both racers and event promoters can turn to and CMR is born. Once united, a series of real points were established and led to a national championship for what was once more than a hobby. In 2007 the inauguration of the board of directors was established and the first race was held in 2008. Currently, the CMR schedule includes eight competition dates starting from March to November. Points are awarded throughout the season in different competition classes from ATV and SxS Mud Racing. The year 2008 includes the Mud Bog and Mudda-Cross competitions, but the 2009 and upcoming seasons will only have the Mudda-Cross competition. Classes range from 0-499 cc to Super-Modified class which will allow any size of ATV in competition. The main objective of the CMR is "to see the growth of ATV Mud Racing as a competitive sport and to provide a pedestal competitor where they can receive recognition from media sponsors and national industries they have been eligible for a long time."
There is an ATV class at the Dakar Rally. Karim Dilou of Tunisia won the FIM Cross Country Rallies World Cup - Quad in 2008, riding for Yamaha.
Professional amateurs and professional racing throughout the United States are also skyrocketing in popularity once more, at levels not seen since factory teams raced in the 1980s. Part of the attraction is the cheapness of parts, and how easy it is to enter. The race is held at various local and major venues, especially in Ohio, New York, Pennsylvania, Arizona, Michigan and California. Payments are sometimes awarded to winners.
Every year in June, the world's largest three-wheeled meeting is held at Haspin Acres, in Laurel, Indiana, for the Trikefest event. For 3 days complete with camping, hundreds of people gather for events featuring competitive racing such as MX style racing, drag racing, mud racing, hill climbing and other events. For those who do not want to compete, there are many ways a person can walk. as many as 100 or more three-wheeled vehicles emerge each year, some built and restored for drawing, others are brought up.
The fastest speed recorded on a quad bike, or ATV given at flight, is 315.74 km/h (196.19 mph), by Terry Wilmeth (USA), at Madras, Airport in Madras, Oregon, USA, on June 15 2008.
See also
- ATV Amphibians
- Car
- Dune buggy
- John Deere
- Motorcycles
- Non-path machine
- Off-road vehicle
- Tomcar
References
External links
- Offroad Vehicles in Curlie (based on DMOZ)
Source of the article : Wikipedia
0 Comments